Logical thinking - development of logic

Every day we are faced with many tasks, the solution of which requires our ability to think logically. Logic as the ability to think and reason consistently and consistently is required in many life situations, from solving complex technical and business problems to persuading interlocutors and making purchases in a store.

But despite the high need for this skill, we often make logical mistakes without knowing it. Indeed, among many people there is an opinion that it is possible to think correctly on the basis of life experience and so-called common sense, without using the laws and special techniques of “formal logic”. To perform simple logical operations, express elementary judgments and simple conclusions, common sense can also be suitable, but if we need to understand or explain something more complex, then common sense often leads us to errors.

The reasons for these misconceptions lie in the principles of development and formation of the foundations of logical thinking in people, which are laid in childhood. Teaching logical thinking is not carried out purposefully, but is identified with mathematics lessons (for children at school or for students at the university), as well as with solving and passing a variety of games, tests, tasks and puzzles. But such actions contribute to the development of only a small proportion of logical thinking processes. In addition, they explain to us the principles of finding solutions to tasks in a rather primitive manner. As for the development of verbal-logical thinking (or verbal-logical), the ability to correctly perform mental operations, consistently come to conclusions, for some reason we are not taught this. That is why the level of development of people's logical thinking is not high enough.

We believe that a person’s logical thinking and his ability to cognition should develop systematically and on the basis of a special terminological apparatus and logical tools. During the classes of this online training, you will learn about self-education methods for the development of logical thinking, get acquainted with the main categories, principles, features and laws of logic, and also find examples and exercises for applying the acquired knowledge and skills.

What is logical thinking?

To explain what “logical thinking” is, let’s divide this concept into two parts: thinking and logic. Now let's define each of these components.

Human thinking is a mental process of processing information and establishing connections between objects, their properties or phenomena of the surrounding world. Thinking allows a person to find connections between the phenomena of reality, but in order for the connections found to truly reflect the true state of affairs, thinking must be objective, correct or, in other words, logical, that is, subject to the laws of logic.

Logic translated from Greek has several meanings: “the science of correct thinking”, “the art of reasoning”, “speech”, “reasoning” and even “thought”. In our case, we will proceed from the most popular definition of logic as a normative science about the forms, methods and laws of human intellectual mental activity. Logic studies ways to achieve truth in the process of cognition in an indirect way, not from sensory experience, but from knowledge acquired earlier, therefore it can also be defined as the science of ways to obtain inferential knowledge. One of the main tasks of logic is to determine how to come to a conclusion from existing premises and gain true knowledge about the subject of thought in order to gain a deeper understanding of the nuances of the subject of thought being studied and its relationships with other aspects of the phenomenon under consideration.

Now we can define logical thinking itself.

Logical thinking is a thought process in which a person uses logical concepts and constructions, which is characterized by evidence, prudence, and the goal of which is to obtain a reasonable conclusion from existing premises.

There are also several types of logical thinking; we list them, starting with the simplest:

Figurative-logical thinking

Figurative-logical thinking (visual-figurative thinking) - various thought processes of the so-called “figurative” problem solving, which involves a visual representation of the situation and operating with images of its constituent objects. Visual-figurative thinking, in fact, is synonymous with the word “imagination”, which allows us to most vividly and clearly recreate the whole variety of different actual characteristics of an object or phenomenon. This type of human mental activity is formed in childhood, starting from approximately 1.5 years.

To understand how developed this type of thinking is in you, we suggest you take the IQ Test “Raven’s Progressive Matrices”

The Raven's Test is a progressive matrix scale for assessing IQ, mental ability, and logical thinking, developed in 1936 by John Raven and Roger Penrose. This test can give the most objective assessment of the IQ of the people being tested, regardless of their level of education, social class, type of activity, linguistic and cultural characteristics. That is, it can be said with a high probability that the data obtained as a result of this test from two people from different parts of the world will evaluate their IQ equally. The objectivity of the assessment is ensured by the fact that this test is based solely on images of figures, and since Raven's matrices are among non-verbal intelligence tests, its tasks do not contain text.

The test consists of 60 tables. You will be offered drawings with figures connected to each other by a certain relationship. One figure is missing; it is given at the bottom of the picture among 6-8 other figures. Your task is to establish a pattern that connects the figures in the picture and indicate the number of the correct figure by choosing from the proposed options. Each series of tables contains tasks of increasing difficulty, at the same time, the complication of the type of tasks is observed from series to series.

Statistics Full screen

Abstract logical thinking

Abstract-logical thinking is the performance of a thought process using categories that do not exist in nature (abstractions). Abstract thinking helps a person model relationships not only between real objects, but also between abstract and figurative ideas that thinking itself has created. Abstract logical thinking has several forms: concept, judgment and inference, which you can learn more about in the lessons of our training.

Verbal and logical thinking

Verbal-logical thinking (verbal-logical thinking) is one of the types of logical thinking, characterized by the use of linguistic means and speech structures.
This type of thinking requires not only the skillful use of thought processes, but also competent command of one’s speech. We need verbal-logical thinking for public speaking, writing texts, arguing, and in other situations where we have to express our thoughts using language.

How to promote formation?

There are several methods for forming and studying thinking, and each of them must be approached with the utmost seriousness, patiently practicing over a long period:

Let's take the book. It is desirable that this be a work with a well-known plot. And we begin to read his text from end to beginning (in reverse order), trying not to lose the essence and sequence of events.
We choose one of our friends and begin to imagine in vivid colors how he would react to a certain event. We play out a variety of scenarios in our heads: negative, joyful, neutral. You can remember the people with whom you had to communicate during the day and once again “scroll” the conversation with each of them in your head, without missing a single detail (looks, facial expressions, gestures, intonations, movements, etc.).
We come up with as many contradictions as possible (dry water, sweet salt, etc.).
We select any object and begin to name its functions. (A chair is needed to sit, to get an object from the height of a cabinet, etc.). You can also come up with several functions that are not inherent to this item, but be sure to visualize them.
We come up with abbreviations for phrases (abbreviations). Very different, and the more, the better.
We divide the sheet into two parts: on one we write nouns, on the other we write adjectives. Then we select a pair for each that suits the meaning.
We choose any letter and write on paper the maximum number of words that begin with it.
We remember some important event in life. We restore in memory emotions, vivid details, unusual moments and highlight the most amazing plot from all this. We come up with an unusual name for it and visualize the picture in our mind.
Let's draw. You can choose pencils, markers, paints, crayons - anything! The main thing is to depict an object or person on a sheet of paper or canvas so that its character is visible at first glance.

An interesting game for developing verbal thinking on video:

Exercises and games

Special exercises and games will help improve verbal and logical thinking . Also, such activities contribute to the development of imagination and intelligence. The main thing is to remember that to get results from any activity, a system is important.

This is why you need to do exercises regularly and efficiently.:

Getting rid of monologues in our thoughts . Each person conducts an imaginary monologue throughout the day, which is based on various thoughts and reasoning. But in order to give the consciousness at least a little rest, it is very important to regulate the “flows” of monologues, especially if they are based on negative feelings and fears.
Training your inner voice . To do this, you need to choose one phrase and say it to yourself throughout the day. Moreover, this must be done by changing the tempo, emotional coloring, volume, etc. You can also “pronounce” it as different people (acquaintances and strangers) would pronounce it. At the end of the exercise, you need to imagine the phrase in the form of three-dimensional letters that slowly float before your eyes to “examine” each of them.
We read quickly . High reading speed allows you to cover a large amount of the page with your eyes, as your eyes “jump” from one phrase to another. This approach stimulates analytical processes. And therefore, it contributes to the development of thinking.
We carry out cluster analysis . To do this, we identify one existing problem, write it down on a separate sheet of paper and circle it. Then we listen to our feelings and write down all the associations caused by this problem, and also circle each of them. After this, we connect the circles with arrows, thereby connecting our own thoughts into one whole.
We are conducting an entertaining activity . Several people must participate (children can be invited). We take small pieces of paper or cardboard, write any words on them and mix them. Then we give each participant to draw one such card. Task: take turns reading a word and quickly come up with a sentence with it.
We read tongue twisters . The participants of the game sit in a circle and take turns reading the word-plexes. Moreover, each new task should be even more confusing (difficult to pronounce) than the previous one.
Let's play "dissent" . The activity perfectly develops abstract thinking and is especially popular with children. Its essence is to name things in an unusual way (carpet - bedding, chair - nurse, etc.). The basis is taken from the objects that are in the room.
Let's play aliens . The essence of the game is to imagine that a person is communicating with an alien creature that has no idea about the life of earthlings. And the main task is to explain to him the most ordinary things, feelings and phenomena so that he understands what we are talking about.

Such techniques will be interesting and useful for both children and adults. But for classes to bring results, they should be carried out regularly and efficiently.

To diagnose (assess) the level of verbal-logical thinking, you can use the methods of O.A. Fedoseeva. “Generalization of Concepts”, K. Goldstein “Classification of Objects”.

Applying logic

Thinking using the tools of logic is necessary in almost any area of human activity, including the exact sciences and humanities, economics and business, rhetoric and public speaking, the creative process and invention. In some cases, strict and formalized logic is used, for example, in mathematics, philosophy, and technology. In other cases, logic only provides a person with useful techniques for obtaining a reasonable conclusion, for example, in economics, history, or simply in ordinary “life” situations.

As already mentioned, we often try to think logically on an intuitive level. Some people do it well, some do it worse. But when connecting the logical apparatus, it is better to know exactly what mental techniques we use, since in this case we can:

It’s more precise to choose the right method that will allow you to come to the right conclusion.
Think faster and better - as a consequence of the previous point.
It's better to express your thoughts.
Avoid self-deception and logical fallacies.
Identify and eliminate errors in other people’s conclusions, cope with sophistry and demagoguery.
Use the necessary argumentation to convince your interlocutors.

Where is it used?

Children, with the help of abstract thinking, draw, design, sculpt, understand the meaning of riddles, can solve problems, and coherently express their thoughts when describing events. During school years, this type of mental activity helps schoolchildren master mathematics, which requires the ability to operate with a lot of data, divide them into groups, and look for relationships.

Abstract thinking is used in logic, physics, astronomy and other exact sciences, where one must be able to measure, count, calculate, and combine elements into one group. It is necessary for psychologists, philosophers, writers, engineers. Time management is unthinkable without it.

In everyday life, people also constantly use abstract-logical mental activity. Examples of abstract thinking reflect everyday human thought processes. Planning often intersects in the imagination with dreams and fantasies. Young people looking for a job can come up with so many things that, when faced with reality, they cannot stand the conditions offered to them. So girls, waiting for a prince on a white horse, mentally endow their future chosen one with unrealistic traits. This inevitably leads to disappointment in the future.

Components of logical thinking

The use of logical thinking is often associated with quickly solving logic tasks and passing tests to determine the level of intellectual development (IQ). But this direction is associated to a greater extent with bringing mental operations to automatism, which is a very insignificant part of how logic can be useful to a person.

The ability to think logically combines many skills in the use of various mental actions and includes:

Knowledge of the theoretical foundations of logic.
The ability to correctly perform such mental operations as: classification, specification, generalization, comparison, analogy and others.
Confident use of key forms of thinking: concept, judgment, inference.
The ability to argue your thoughts in accordance with the laws of logic.
The ability to quickly and effectively solve complex logical problems (both educational and applied).

Of course, such operations of thinking using logic as definition, classification and categorization, proof, refutation, inference, conclusion and many others are used by every person in his mental activity. But we use them unconsciously and often with errors, without a clear idea of the depth and complexity of those mental actions that make up even the most elementary act of thinking. And if you want your logical thinking to be truly correct and rigorous, you need to learn this specifically and purposefully.

Why you need to develop and use it in life

It is generally difficult for an adult without logic to live in this world. If this structure of thinking sags in a preschooler or schoolchild, everything is clear: “Children...” - you will say and sigh heavily. Whereas the requirements for adults are different. And if to the question “What did you do?”, you answer “On Tuesday,” then there is clearly an inconsistency here.

We have already examined the components of logical thinking, and it is difficult to live without them in life. We will not be able to combine concepts, classify them and draw conclusions from the behavior of people or situations, and we will step on the same rake.

I remember when we took the test in the subject “Logic”, some of my classmates took it 5 times and couldn’t pass. And in their lives they could see this “stepping on the rake” - the guy humiliated him several times, the other would have left the first time, but these are patient, they didn’t prepare for the session in time, others have already passed a long time ago and are resting, and these are puffing. What is the problem? The fact is that no conclusions were drawn or analyzed. So much for problems with logic!

Another example: let's turn to our forefathers. Logic allowed people to avoid not just problems, but even save their lives. Watching how lightning strikes a tree during a thunderstorm and a fire develops, they concluded that danger awaited them. This is where the habit of hiding during a thunderstorm came from. And it’s just inconvenient when drops fall down your collar!

We have come to the conclusion that logical thinking needs to be developed and it is advisable to do this as quickly as possible so as not to screw up your life! And you don’t even have to worry about looking for the best place to do it. I have already prepared for you a unique selection of courses on thinking development, where you will find answers to all your questions.

To master logic, you need to combine theory and practice, using exercises to bring logical components to automaticity, so that you can then easily apply them in real situations.

How to learn this?

Logical thinking is not given to us from birth, it can only be learned. There are two main aspects of teaching logic: theoretical and practical.

Theoretical logic

, which is taught at universities, introduces students to the basic categories, laws and rules of logic.

Practical training

aimed at applying the acquired knowledge in life. However, in reality, modern teaching of practical logic is usually associated with passing various tests and solving problems to test the level of intelligence development (IQ) and for some reason does not address the application of logic in real life situations.

To truly master logic, you need to combine theoretical and applied aspects. Lessons and exercises should be aimed at developing intuitive, automated logical tools and consolidating the acquired knowledge in order to apply it in real situations.

Based on this principle, the online training that you are reading now was compiled. The purpose of this course is to teach you to think logically and apply logical thinking techniques. Classes are aimed at introducing the basics of logical thinking (thesaurus, theories, methods, models), mental operations and forms of thinking, rules of argumentation and laws of logic. In addition, each lesson contains tasks and exercises to train you to use the acquired knowledge in practice.

Measure the immeasurable - solve Fermi problems

The great mathematician Enrico Fermi (the same one who is famous for the paradox) believed that in 60 seconds you can evaluate absolutely everything. You only need to know a few facts to roughly calculate how many selfies are taken per day on Earth, how many times on average people use obscene language, or answer another similar question.

I'll explain with an example. Let’s say you were asked: “How many women earn extra money doing manicures in St. Petersburg?” To give an approximate answer, you can use the following logic:

I remember that Moscow has a population of about 12 million. St. Petersburg is about 2 times smaller - let it be 6 million;
Half of the girls I know get their nails done by a specialist; about 50% of the population are women. This means that in St. Petersburg there are potentially 1.5 million women “getting their nails done” at a salon;
People go for a manicure about once every 2 weeks - about 26 times a year. This means that in a year in St. Petersburg it will be 1.5 million * 26 times = 39 million times;
A manicure takes about an hour, which means one master can serve 8 clients per day;
Now we need to find out how many masters are required to have time to do manicures 39 million times a year, with a “productivity” of 8 clients per day per specialist. 39 million / 365 days / 8 times a day = 13,356 manicurists in St. Petersburg.

Of course, this is an approximate figure. After all, masters do not work every day, and the calculation does not take into account men who do manicures, children, as well as male masters. Surely something else is missing or mixed up. But in solving such problems, the approach itself is important. By the way, large companies like to ask such questions during interviews in order to see how a person thinks, whether he thinks at all or immediately gives up and says that it is impossible to solve the problem.

Therefore, I suggest you start training. Let's think logically, how many people have given up their dreams in favor of laziness?

Logic lessons

Having collected a wide range of theoretical materials, as well as having studied and adapted the experience of teaching applied forms of logical thinking, we have prepared a series of lessons for the full mastery of this skill.

Lesson 1. Logical analysis of language

We will devote the first lesson of our course to a complex but very important topic - the logical analysis of language. It’s worth mentioning right away that this topic may seem abstract to many, loaded with terminology, and inapplicable in practice. Don't be scared! Logical analysis of language is the basis of any logical system and correct reasoning. The terms that we learn here will become our logical alphabet, without knowledge of which we simply cannot go further, but gradually we will learn to use it with ease.

Lesson 2. Concept in logic

A logical concept is a form of thinking that reflects objects and phenomena in their essential features. Concepts come in different types: concrete and abstract, individual and general, collective and non-collective, irrespective and correlative, positive and negative, and others. Within the framework of logical thinking, it is important to be able to distinguish these types of concepts, as well as produce new concepts and definitions, find relationships between concepts and perform special actions on them: generalization, limitation and division. You will learn all this in this lesson.

Lesson 3. Definition in logic

In the first two lessons, we talked about how the task of logic is to help us move from an intuitive use of language, accompanied by errors and disagreements, to a more orderly use of it, devoid of ambiguity. The ability to handle concepts correctly is one of the skills required for this. Another equally important skill is the ability to correctly define. In this lesson we will tell you how to learn this and how to avoid the most common mistakes.

Lesson 4. Logical reasoning

Logical judgment is a form of thinking in which something is affirmed or denied about the surrounding world, objects, phenomena, as well as relationships and connections between them. Judgments in logic consist of a subject (what the judgment is about), a predicate (what is said about the subject), a copula (what connects the subject and the predicate) and a quantifier (the scope of the subject). Judgments can be of various types: simple and complex, categorical, general, particular, individual. The forms of connectives between the subject and the predicate also differ: equivalence, intersection, subordination and compatibility. In addition, within the framework of composite (complex) judgments there can be their own connectives, which define six more types of complex judgments. The ability to think logically presupposes the ability to correctly construct various types of judgments, understand their structural elements, features, relationships between judgments, and also check whether a judgment is true or false.

Lesson 5. Laws of logic

Before moving on to the last third form of thinking (inference), it is important to understand what logical laws exist, or, in other words, objectively existing rules for constructing logical thinking. Their purpose, on the one hand, is to help build inferences and argumentation, and on the other hand, to prevent errors and violations of logic associated with reasoning. This lesson will examine the following laws of formal logic: the law of identity, the law of excluded middle, the law of contradiction, the law of sufficient reason, as well as De Morgan's laws, the laws of deductive inference, Clavius' law and the laws of division. By studying examples and completing special exercises, you will learn how to purposefully use each of these laws.

Lesson 6. Inference

Inference is the third form of thinking in which from one, two or more propositions, called premises, a new proposition, called a conclusion or conclusion, follows. Inferences are divided into three types: deductive, inductive and analogical inferences. In deductive inference (deduction), a conclusion is drawn from a general rule for a particular case. Induction is inference in which a general rule is derived from several particular cases. In inferences by analogy, based on the similarity of objects in some characteristics, a conclusion is drawn about their similarity in other characteristics. In this lesson you will become familiar with all types and subtypes of inferences and learn how to build various cause-and-effect relationships.

Lesson 7. Syllogisms

This lesson will focus on multi-premise inferences. Just as in the case of single-premise conclusions, all the necessary information in a hidden form will already be present in the premises. However, since there will now be many premises, the methods for extracting them become more complex, and therefore the information obtained in conclusion will not seem trivial. In addition, it should be noted that there are many different types of multi-premise inferences. We will focus only on syllogisms. They differ in that both in the premises and in the conclusion they have categorical attributive statements and, based on the presence or absence of some properties in objects, they allow one to draw a conclusion about the presence or absence of other properties in them.

Lesson 8. Types of reasoning

In previous lessons we talked about various logical operations that form an important part of any reasoning. Among them were operations on concepts, definitions, judgments and inferences. This means that at this point it should be clear what components the reasoning consists of. However, we have not yet touched upon the questions of how reasoning as a whole can be organized and what types of reasoning there are in principle. This will be the topic of the last lesson. Let's start with the fact that reasoning is divided into deductive and plausible. All types of inferences discussed in previous lessons: inferences using a logical square, appeals, syllogisms, enthymemes, sorites, are precisely deductive reasoning. Their distinctive feature is that the premises and conclusions in them are connected by a relation of strict logical consequence, while in the case of plausible reasoning there is no such connection. First, let's talk more about deductive reasoning.

Functions

In psychology, it is generally accepted that mental activity always builds a connection between events or phenomena. A person must analyze information and make conclusions. The tool for these actions is logical thinking. This means that in this case such an ability as cognition moves to a new level. The above process also has a regulatory and communicative purpose. This technique is useful when building communication between people and when conducting joint activities. Logic also allows you to put forward various versions and draw certain conclusions with their help.

So, a person defines his thoughts with the help of words. They can be expressed orally or in writing. It should be noted here that a person acquires these skills in childhood, when he has contacts with adults. Then thinking is developed, which can have the following varieties:

visual-figurative;
effective;
verbal-logical;
abstract-logical.

Visual-figurative and visual-effective thinking are always associated with the perception of objects when a person interacts with them. But verbal-logical thinking is already based on certain concepts. This is how the knowledge of patterns and relationships in the surrounding reality occurs.

Ultimately, thinking reaches a certain level, then complete ordering of practical actions occurs.

If we talk about abstract logical thinking, then it should be noted that it is also abstract. This type is based on the detection of significant properties, connections, as well as their separation. In this case, properties and connections are divided into essential and less essential.

When cognitive activity begins, the thought process acquires the following functions:

the role of concepts is classified;
problems related to life are solved.
the management of an individual’s activities is facilitated by understanding reality; this process also helps to plan behavior, set goals, and so on;
both the activity itself and its result are analyzed, and reflection is included in this process.

In addition, the functions of logic are as follows:

methods of thinking are catalogued, and thinking itself arrives at the truth;
to study ways of implementing thought processes, the development of theories is included in the overall process;
the created theories undergo formalization and take the form of symbols or signs.

Important! Logic and thinking have exactly the same functions. For example, logic is always a correct thought process. When a person thinks logically, he uses various techniques to find ways to achieve excellent mental results that lead him to the truth.

How to take classes?

The lessons themselves with all the exercises can be completed in 1-3 weeks, having mastered the theoretical material and practiced a little. But to develop logical thinking, it is important to study systematically, read a lot and constantly train.

For maximum effect, we recommend that you first simply read all the material, spending 1-2 evenings on it. Then take 1 lesson daily, doing the necessary exercises and following the suggested recommendations. After you have mastered all the lessons, engage in effective repetition using this technique to remember the material for a long time. Next, try to apply logical thinking techniques more often in life, when writing articles, letters, when communicating, in disputes, in business, and even in your leisure time. Reinforce your knowledge by reading books and textbooks, as well as using additional material, which will be discussed below.

Is it possible for an adult to develop logic?

Of course, it is possible and even necessary! There are so many changes happening in the world that old knowledge often no longer provides the right solution to situations. And although some people think that it is enough to get a higher education once and not study again, in reality this opinion is wrong.

Perhaps the most difficult thing will be defeating your own laziness. Indeed, time in the life of an adult is a scarce resource that one does not always want to spend on additional efforts. In fact, everything is not as scary as you think - you don’t have to spend a lot of your precious time to develop logic.

There is no need to sit for hours at a time reading books, neglecting communication with your family, because most of the logical exercises can be easily done in a company.

Interesting fact. The famous Rubik's cube, invented by a sculptor from Hungary, was so popular that in the 80s of the last century they even published an entire brochure dedicated to the cube.

What results will you achieve with regular practice? It will begin to be much easier to solve complex problems, some of which will seem like mere trifles to you.

Books and textbooks on logic

On this page we have selected useful books and textbooks that will help you deepen your knowledge of logic and logical thinking:

"Applied Logic".
Nikolai Nikolaevich Nepeyvoda;
"Textbook of Logic".
Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov;
"Logic: lecture notes."
Dmitry Shadrin;
"Logics.
Training course" (educational and methodological complex). Dmitry Alekseevich Gusev;
“Logic for Lawyers” (collection of problems).
HELL. Getmanova;
"Logics.
Textbook for law schools." IN AND. Kirillov, A.A.Starchenko
"Logics.
Textbook for high school." Vinogradov S.N., Kuzmin A.F.
"Logics.
Textbook for humanities faculties." A.A.Ivin
"Logics".
Ivanov E.A.
And others.

Useful tips

To develop logic, it is not enough to pay attention to problems, solve puzzles, crosswords, and read specialized literature. There are some more tips:

Left-handers should learn to write with their right hand and vice versa. This will improve the functioning of the less developed part of the brain.
Change the type of activity from time to time. For example, do one thing for an hour or two, and then change jobs.
Read detective stories, trying to predict what the main character and other characters will do in a given case. This process promotes the development of deduction.
Explain your actions and actions. A thorough analysis of daily incidents makes it possible to build logical chains and draw conclusions regarding how best to proceed next time.

It is also worth being outside more often. Walking improves brain function in general.

Trainings

Training and development of logical thinking can be supplemented by the following trainings, which you can take for free on our website:

1. Memory and attention are important abilities for logical thinking, which will allow you to concentrate on a large number of mental objects on which logical operations are carried out.

2. Creative thinking together with logic will give you the opportunity not only to draw correct conclusions, but to look for non-standard solutions where logic has reached a dead end.

3. Oratory and writing skills form verbal and logical thinking, and also allow you to apply the acquired knowledge in practice in this course.

4. Mental arithmetic and speed reading are suitable for developing and training intellectual abilities.

5. Human psychology is useful in understanding logical thinking, because it is psychology as a science that studies mental operations, motives, and incentives of a person.

Tests

Here I have highlighted 4 tests for logical thinking that will help you see how developed it is in you.

The Logical Reasoning Test is an online test that will determine your ability to think logically. There are 12 inferences given here and you need to choose one of the answers provided. You will see the results in a separate window.
The method for assessing logical thinking is a test for adults that assesses your ability to make inferences, conclusions, and generalizations. You have to solve 18 tasks and check your results.
The “Exclusion of Concepts” technique assesses the level of development of thinking, the ability to generalize, and identify certain features. You need to choose the correct answer. The test results are described in detail after passing it.
The logical thinking test is a very informative test that shows the features of your thinking. There are 30 questions here and they are a lot of fun. You need to choose one of the presented answers that most obey the laws of logic.

Some IQ tests also tell you whether you have problems with logical thinking.

How to develop ingenuity and intelligence

Many factors influence intelligence and ingenuity. If you are forced to subject your body to constant stress, then it is not surprising that your reactions will leave much to be desired. During peak periods, the human body produces cortisol, which has a detrimental effect on brain cells. If you have to take on a ton of things in the morning, then you should try to slow down your usual pace of life at least a little. Start by not jumping out of bed immediately after the alarm clock rings - allow yourself some time (15-25 minutes) to lie down and think about the coming day.

Ways to improve your intelligence

Music.

Periodically take a break from the daily hustle and bustle by listening to music. By the way, scientists believe that classical works are very useful for activating the brain. For example, people who listen to Mozart from time to time are characterized by increased speed of thinking.

Don't waste energy.

Don't take on many tasks at once. To do something well, it is important to focus on it. If you have to answer a letter, talk on the phone and listen to the news at the same time, then, of course, attention will begin to dissipate among several sources of information. The result will be a decrease in concentration and even the level of intelligence.

More positive.

Do not deny yourself positive emotions - your performance directly depends on them. Visit parks more often, go to the movies, meet friends.

Development.

Regularly search the Internet for exercises to develop memory and enrich your vocabulary. It is unlikely that you will be “illuminated” by unexpected solutions if you have a poor vocabulary that is almost unable to hold anything in your head. To develop memory, learn poetry, just read books.