Patterns of sensations: synesthesia, contrast of sensations, adaptation

tags:

Patient, Sensation, Perception, Hallucination, Hyperesthesia, Internal, Disorder, Anaesthesia Lecture No. 2: Disorder of sensations and perception.

Sensation is the simplest type of cognitive activity, which consists of reflecting individual properties of the attributes of objects, as well as states of the body. Sensation: warmth, cold, pain.

Perception is a holistic reflection of phenomena and objects that arise as a result of the analysis and synthesis of sensations, by comparing them with previous experience.

Representation is the result of the revival of images and phenomena perceived earlier.

-Interoceptive – a signal from the states of the internal processes of the body.

Passing differential sensations. feeling of hunger, calm, comfort.

-Proprioceptive – a signal about the position and movement of the body in space. Formation of an idea of ​​the body: “body diagram”. (vestibular apparatus).

-Extroceptive – the main source of information about the external world (smell, taste, touch).

The most common change in the intensity of sensations.

Pathology of sensations:

1. change in intensity of sensations (quantitative):

- hypersthesia

- parasthesia

- asthesia

- painful mental anesthesia

1. Synestopathies (qualitative):

- synesthesia

- disturbance of color perception.

- Anaesthesia, hyperesthesia - A frequent case of anamnesis is loss of pain sensitivity (in acute mental conditions, accompanied by deception of perception, afferent disorders, primordial excitability) More often in patients with hysterical neurosis.

- painful mental anesthesia - subjective weakening of any type of sensitivity, associated with a loss of the emotional tone of sensations. Not objectively detected.

— Hypersthesia – increased one or more types of sensitivity.

- hyperalgesia - increased pain sensitivity. For mild depression.

2) Synestopathies are psychosomatic sensations or sensations, a special type of pathological sensations characterized by the following clinical signs:

- polymorphism (various pains, sensations of heat, cold).

3 pages, 1439 words

Sensations and perception. Types of violations

... and others. Disturbances of sensations. Disturbances of sensations are very diverse: hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity), hypesthesia (decreased sensitivity), anesthesia (lack of sensitivity), paresthesia (burning, ... the constant development of observation of painful manifestations is important. Perception and sensation are conscious, meaningful processes. In providing them with meaning ...

- having an pretentious character (difficulty forming complaints).

- unpleasant, painful, painful effects. The tone of feelings is anxious - depressive.

- unusual localization - vague, diffuse, often changing, not typical for the symptoms of general somatic diseases.

Perception disorder

.

1. Illusions.
2. Hallucinations.

Illusions are a false perception of a really existing object.

There are illusions:

1-affective

2 - verbal (auditory)

3 - pareidolic.

Cm.

1 - pareidolic illusions are fantastic visual images that are perceived instead of real images.

2 - affective illusions - arise in a state of anxious affect, expectation, tension, fear, feverish state. May occur in healthy individuals, in children after strange stories or horror films.

3 - verbal illusions - distortion of real auditory images. For example, instead of a vaguely pronounced word, you hear your name. Their meaning, when the patient hears hints and threats in the speech of others, is clinically very serious - they indicate the onset of a mental illness (alcoholic delirium, nosperic psychosis).

Hallucinations are an imaginary sensory involuntary representation for which there is no real separation at the moment. This is perception without an object.

True - when the patient believes that this is reality.

Psychological theories and schools

The Würzburg school of thinking believed that a pattern could only be determined by systematic observation of a person.

As a result of numerous studies, it has been revealed that the pattern of various sensations and feelings depends on the thought process, activity and purposeful gestures. An ugly (without image) thought can give rise to uncontrollable features of the expression of feelings.

The experiments of Mayer from the school of Gestalt psychology say the same thing. Like O. Seltz, the characteristics of patterns were put forward: productive thinking, a problematic set of measures and criticism of the thought process.

If a person reacted differently to the same actions under equal conditions, the concept of patterns should be considered in terms of the genetic approach and the social environment.

J. Piaget, the school of English empiricism represented by D. Uznadze identified the peculiarities of the flow of patterns: experience gives rise to an idealistic branch, and the materialistic feature dulls the factor of patterns in the social environment.

1) Visual:

A) elementary

— photopsia

- Phosphrenes are simple visual illusions that do not form an objective image: flashes of light, sparkles.

B) complex:

1) zoological (alcoholic, intoxication psychosis)

2) dermocomanic hallucinations (intoxication psychosis)

3) anthropomorphic hallucinations – familiar or unfamiliar faces, living or dead. Autoscopic – seeing one’s own image, one’s double.

4) Pomopic – multiple repeated imaginary images arranged in one row (intoxication psychoses).

Diplotic – double vision..

5) Scene-like hallucination – vision of hallucinatory scenes, jointly connected and sequential, resulting from one another.

4 pp., 1961 words

General patterns of sensations; sensitivity and its thresholds, ...

... there is still a sensation of this type, called the upper absolute threshold of sensitivity. Sensitivity thresholds are individual for each person. Adaptation Sensitivity of analyzers, ... (Shape, size, distance, direction) Perception of shape, size, distance, direction. The most informative feature is the outline. Illusions of perception - inadequate distortion of objects...

6) visual verbal hallucinations – first seeing letters, words, texts.

7) endoscopic hallucinations – vision of one’s own internal organs. They can be black and white, painted in one color (epilepsy - bright red; blue) or several colors. Various sizes:

normoptic,

macroptic (Gulliver - hallucinations),

microptic (Lilliputian – hallucinations).

Relief – clear contours

adelomorphic – the contours are not clear (diffuse, fuzzy).

Cinematic – imaginary images, devoid of three-dimensionality like in a movie, projected on the walls, floor. Patients believe that they are showing a movie. (intoxication, alcoholic psychosis)

They can be:

- moving

- stable

Movable – move from left to right and vice versa

Stable - do not move.

More often, hallucinations are projected into a real environment, perceived along with surrounding objects or obscured by themselves.

Extracampile - localized outside the field of view - on the side, above, behind the back (in schizophrenia).

Auditory hallucinations are the most common and varied in content:

1. simple:

- acoasmas - elementary non-speech hallucinations (noise, crackling, hissing)

- phonemes - individual syllables, shouts, passages, fragments of phrases.

- hallucinations of musical content - the sound of musical instruments, singing. For alcoholic psychoses - vulgar ditties; epilepsy - the sound of an organ, sacred music, the ringing of church bells; in schizophrenia.

2) Complex

- verbal (verbal) hallucinations - “voices” - individual words, phrases, conversations. The content may be absurd, devoid of any meaning, but they express various ideas, but not indifferent to the patient.

- commenting on hallucinations - reflect an opinion about the behavior of patients: friendly, critical, accusatory.

- imperative (commanding) - orders addressed to them (refuse to talk with a doctor, refuse food, rearrange objects).

Sometimes orders are reasonable - go to a psychiatrist. Sometimes patients do not attach importance to them. Irresistible imperativeness – closeness to the phenomena of mental automatism.

- duplicating - a symptom of echo reading. When reading, the content of what was read is copied.

- steriotic

- by type of monologue

— multiple (polyvacacial)

- those who state - some order one thing to be done, the other contradicts.

- poetic - “voices” compose poems, epigrams, puns, etc.

They (hallucinatory images) can communicate with the patient (he comes in the morning and greets him) or exist autonomously. Through the sick you can talk to the “voices”.

- hallucinations of anticipation - the voices seem to anticipate, anticipate events and predict what the patient will soon feel (he will have a headache, they indicate a defect).

Voices can speak slowly, grow louder, patter, hallucinations, stuttering, and dysarthria.

- cryptolamic - patients claim that they hear voices, speaking in foreign languages, they understand what is said, but do not speak the language. They can vary in volume and clarity (indistinct, rustling, loud).

3 pages, 1439 words

Sensations and perception. Types of violations

... a role is played by thinking and speech, which are organically included in sensation and perception. Representation is the revival in the mind of images perceived in the past. Compared to what... the senses. It should be remembered that hallucinations can only occur on a painful basis, mainly due to mental illness. At the same time, patients simultaneously experience changes in...

It is perceived as real speech, but it can be done differently.

The source is localized by the patient, usually in the real environment. They can localize them, they can be on the compartment or on the surface of the body, they whisper. But the voice comes from outside along the surface to the sick. Less often it’s the other way around. More often they are perceived by 2 ears, but maybe just one.

Suicidal hallucinations – severe depression; threatening, echo -, contrast, duplicating schizophrenia.

3) olfactory – imaginary perception of various odors. The projection is different. The smells are from them, their organs or come from their own internal organs.

4) taste—false taste sensations that arise outside of the ingestion of food or any substance.

5) Hallucinations of the skin sense - various deceptions of perception associated with various types of skin sensitivity.

- tactile - imaginary sensations of touch on the body, above the skin, not inside. They are often localized in the oral cavity - a feeling of the presence of hair, crumbs.

- haptic - imaginary sensation of sharp grasping, blows

- erotic - imaginary perception of unpleasant events on the genitals.

- stereological - an imaginary sensation of the presence of some object in the hand.

- temperature

- hygric - a false sensation of the presence of liquid on the surface of the body.

6) Introreceptive (visceral) – false presence of living beings and foreign bodies inside the human body.

7) motor hallucinations – a false sensation of movement.

Vestibular – false sensation of lifting, tumbling.

The object of the image can be the whole body. With typhus - a symptom of a double (a feeling of doubling of the body).

Transformation into the body of a wolf - lycanthronium. In a cat - hamontropia. In a dog - conoanthropy.

Characteristics and properties

The patterns of sensations in psychology are characterized by the following properties:

• quality;
• degree of intensity;
• localization in space;
• duration;
• limit of sensations;
• reaction of the senses.

These characteristics were presented by E. Smith and R. Atkinson. According to the Bouguer-Weber law, the point is that sensations can be characterized as properties. Therefore, M. Zabrodin’s data and Stevens’ law were used as this modulation. The subsensory area was studied by Weber and Fehnsr (Weber-Fehnsr law).

The following properties have been identified at the basis of the psychophysical law:

• specific;
• nonspecific;
• general (by types of sensations).

The main general properties of determining the pattern of sensations include the duration, intensity and thresholds of sensations. Specific thresholds include absolute and relative thresholds.

Non-specific - all other qualitative and quantitative characteristics:

• Quality – characterized by the basic logic of information. It is also reflected by specific sensations that distinguish it from other types of patterns. For example, there are salty and sweet tastes. Their pattern will be characterized by the distribution of the brain, which is able to distinguish one from the other.
• Intensity is determined by the level of brain recognition. That is, the degree of readiness of the receptor to recognize this or that taste or smell is established. For example, with a runny nose, the intensity of detection of the irritant (perfume) will not be as strong as without symptoms of the disease.
• Duration is a property that is characterized by a time frame. the pattern of manifestation of this property is reflected through the senses. For example, a person feels pain for the first 130 ms. Then for 370 ms he observes a decline in the response. The pattern of this decline is characterized by the ability of tactile sensations to transmit signals to the brain.

The sensation also cannot occur simultaneously with the onset of a reaction to the stimulus, and cannot cease immediately with the withdrawal of the stimulus. This concerns visual inertia - while the brain sends an impulse to the nerve endings, the person still remains in the primary position.

Only then, after receiving a signal and sending a response back, does the action stop. This is how an additional characteristic of positive and negative sequences appeared.

According to the conditions of occurrence:

1. Functional hallucinations – develop from the perception of a real stimulus within the same analyzer (I hear from behind)
2. Reflex hallucinations are localized in one of the analyzers. When a stimulus acts on another.
3. Hypnogic hallucinations – occur in the colus.
4. Hypnopompic hallucinations occur in the colus.
5. Psychogenic hallucinations – as a result of mental trauma, reflects the content.
6. Induced hallucinations - under the influence of vision.

Functions and role

In the interpretation of proprioception, physiology and psychophysiology can determine the patterns of sensations. This movement afference was studied by A. Orbeli and P. Anokhin.

N. Bernstein became a follower, who determined the functional feature of sensation receptors:

• Peripheral receptors are found only on the tubules of the inner ear. Their role is to balance the responses sent by the brain to nerve impulses. If they work correctly, the pattern of response to sensations will be considered semicircular.
• Exteroceptive sensations give rise to a number of patterns for which contact and distant groups are responsible. There is a close connection here with vibrational sensitivity. For example, the sensation of the sound of an approaching truck.
• H. Head identified a separate class of functions, dividing them into genetic and gender approaches.

The main role of all groups of sensations is associated with the body’s desire to protect itself from external stimuli. Their pattern lies in the correct response of individual parts of the body to stimuli.

Pseudohallucinations:

Described by Kandinsky (1890) by Viktor Khrisantovich

Signs:

- is not projected in real space.

— the images are intrusive.

- do not have the character of objective reality and are not mixed with real objects.

- a feeling of isolation, violence, influence from outside. They perceive something inside their head, inside themselves.

Patients treat true hallucinations as if they were real. They peer, defend themselves, listen, communicate, etc. Under the influence of hallucinations, patients can perform actions that reflect the meaning of hallucinations (they flee, get caught, attack others).

Patients believe that others perceive these images in the same way.

3 pages, 1187 words

General characteristics of sensations. Classification of sensations. General characteristics …

... items. Integrity of perception: unlike sensation, which reflects individual properties of an object, perception gives a holistic image of the object. Structurality of perception: perception is not a projection of instantaneous sensations and not ... certain types of influence (light, sound). Receptors can be located on the surface of the body (exteroceptors - react to external stimuli) and in internal organs and...

Pseudohallucinations – perceptions concern only them and do not extend to others.

According to Pavlov: Hallucinations are pathological inertia.

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Sensations and perception. Types of violations

... Hallucinations are perception without an object. Like illusions, hallucinations vary according to the senses. It should be remembered that hallucinations ... innervation. Patients may experience unpleasant and painful sensations projected inside the body: sensations of constriction...

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...fantastic visual illusions that arise during acute physical conditions and consist in the patient’s perception of distorted, unusual visual images in the design of wallpaper, carpet, and other real objects. Hallucinations of perception without an object...

Kinds

Before describing the pattern of development of sensations, it is necessary to study the classification and types of existing sensations in psychology.

The main classification of sensations was given by G. Helmholtz, who relied on the types presented by I. Muller:

• reflex;
• exteroceptive;
• proprioceptive;
• interoceptive.

Within them lies a basic gradation.

The pattern was developed directly for these types of sensations by I. Sherrington:

Patterns of sensations in psychology

This classification was also supported by G. Gershuni, Stevens and M. Zabrodina.

Diagnostics

Tests and diagnostic studies have been created to determine the factors behind the pattern. The main one is the Bouguer-Weber test. In mathematical expression, the law looks like:

DI/I = const., where:

• Const is a constant value that determines the limit of difference in all human sensations.
• The parameters are shown in the table below, where different values ​​​​are noted for certain types of sensations.
• I is the strength of the stimulus, which shows the intensity with which the external factor acts.
• D – minimal change or difference between the magnitudes of the stimulus (for example, the feeling of sweetness of tea when adding 4 or 4.5 tablespoons of sugar).

The formula can be used to assess the patterns of sensations during auditory and tactile perception.

Diagnostics confirmed Fechner's law in a number of cases when Weber amended it. From this the following emerged: when the degree of intensity of influencing factors changes, the quality of the sensations themselves increases, but only in geometric progression. At the same time, they are also in arithmetic dependence.

Patterns of sensations in psychology are indicated by the stimulus data and intensity: 10, 100, 1000, 10000; at the same time, the intensity also increases, but more slowly.

Therefore, to designate it, the values ​​1, 2, 3, 4 and so on are used. That is, the pattern of feeling the sweetness of tea when adding 1 spoon of sugar to 7 already available will be described as 100. If you add the same amount to 8 spoons, then the intensity will not be 2, but 3; but the pattern of this sensation will be predetermined by 100 and 1000.