Agglutination is the most important tool in psychology for assessing the state of an individual and his vision of the surrounding reality. The phenomenon of agglutination is very common in human nature and in the world in general. Sometimes observed in patients with schizophrenia or found in people suffering from speech disorders. The term agglutination describes the phenomenon that is the fusion of different elements (words, thoughts, images) into a single whole.
Agglutination in psychology is an imagination that is created by combining objects that exist in reality. This is a special type of connection, or rather merging, in which characteristics and traits that are absolutely uncombinable in objective reality are combined. A person’s imagination is essentially a dialogue that a person conducts with various parts of his “I”. Stimulants are various motives of vital necessity. Stimulation of the imagination itself is accomplished through human mental actions, which represent the formation of images.
Agglutination in psychology - examples are presented in fairy-tale images: centaurs (combining human features with the characteristics of a horse), sphinxes (features of a human face merge with the characteristics of a lion), mermaids (attaching a fish tail to the body of a beautiful woman), as well as other various mythological images. All these images appeared thanks to the rich human imagination. So, this very image of a centaur, most likely, was formed in conditions with poor visibility of a person jumping on a horse, so he seemed like some kind of fantastic animal. Also, the image of a man with wings appeared, apparently consciously, because it symbolizes the very idea of a person moving through the air, formed in such a sensual image.
The phenomenon of agglutination is a process that is related to psychology and is found in medicine and linguistics.
The process of agglutination in linguistics means the merging of different words into one, with a reduction in the morphological structure, while maintaining the original meaning. That is, agglutination in linguistics is a process in which different morphological elements of a language are combined into a whole, creating words.
What is imagination
Note 1
“Imagination” in psychology is understood as the process through which a person is able to create images and ideas in his mind.
Imagination is of great importance for the human psyche, as it plays an important role in such processes as:
- modeling
- planning
- creative activity
- memory
The process of imagination can be differentiated by the result; it can be: reproductive and productive. Reproductive is understood as imagination, during which images that already exist in reality are recreated. Productive imagination is the process by which something new comes into being.
Depending on the degree of purposefulness, the process of imagination can be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary imagination consists of reconstructive and creative imagination, while involuntary imagination is unintentional and unpredictable.
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Images, in turn, can be concrete and abstract, and imagination can be concrete and abstract.
Imagination performs a number of important functions. It allows a person to imagine the world around him in images, and makes it possible to use them to solve problems.
Imagination helps regulate emotions, cognitive processes and human states. Imagination provides the opportunity to think about and imagine in images a certain plan of action. It also allows a person to carry out planning, programming and evaluation of activities.
The following mechanisms of imagination are distinguished:
- agglutination
- hyperbolization
- schematization
- accentuation
- typing
Bottom line
Imagination, or fantasy, is a thought process that occurs both under the guidance of a person and without his participation. Imagination is a creative process that involves creating something that the world has not yet seen or is not familiar with. Usually new ideas and images are not introduced into real life because they are not consistent with natural laws. However, if a person is able to realize his idea, adapting it to real conditions, then the new thought becomes an innovation.
All this allows a person to experiment and make the world diverse. All this allows a person to feel like God. However, not everything is so simple, because sometimes agglutination is a consequence of a mental disorder in the processes of thinking or perception of the surrounding world. In this case, we are already talking about treating a person in order to rid him of hallucinations that he considers real and significant in his life. Here you cannot do without the help of a specialist.
Agglutination as a mechanism of imagination
Agglutination is the process of creating a new image from parts of other convoys. This process provides a lot of information about a person's personality. The human personality is a rather complex mechanism. A person has intellectual abilities; a thought process is always going on in his mind. Everything that exists in the world is either created by nature or created thanks to man. Man has an amazing ability: he can create something completely new and unique.
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There are many examples of agglutination among fairy-tale creatures: a centaur is a combination of the upper part of a human body and the lower part of a horse, a mermaid is the upper part of a woman, and the bottom is a tail, a hut on chicken legs, and so on.
Agglutination represents what happens during the mental activity of every person. The process of agglutination occurs in almost all people, both healthy and unhealthy. It is especially common in people suffering from schizophrenia.
Agglutination is considered an automatic action; we can only see the result of agglutination, but we cannot see the process itself, since it is inside the human consciousness. In order for the agglutination process to take place, a person needs a supply of experience. But nevertheless, agglutination is not an arbitrary process, that is, a person does not specifically turn to his experience, but unconsciously and spontaneously.
As we know, a person’s imagination is enriched by human experience; the more a person has learned and seen in his life, the more widely developed his imagination is, the more new images he can produce.
Agglutination in its origin is not accidental; its images are obtained from what is embedded deep in a person’s subconscious. The process itself is divided into two parts:
- elements are not criticized or analyzed.
- components must influence mental generalization in order to build a whole image.
Reasons for development
It is believed that sperm aggregation is caused to a greater extent by inflammatory processes, while agglutination is more of an immunological nature. Agglutination detected in a spermogram indicates the presence of an autoimmune reaction when antisperm antibodies (ASAT) begin to perceive one’s own sperm as foreign elements.
The following risk factors can lead to this pathology:
testicular injuries accompanied by hemorrhages;- disruption of the spermatogenesis process;
- genetic predisposition;
- underdevelopment of the genitals, including undescended testicles;
- anemia;
- varicocele;
- changes in the hormonal system - disruptions accompanied by a sharp drop in testosterone levels;
- inflammatory and infectious diseases of the genitourinary area;
- disruptions in the immune system
- stagnation of sperm due to impaired ejaculation;
- alcohol abuse and drug use;
- venereal diseases;
- reaction to certain types of medications and much more.
Hyperbolization as a mechanism of imagination
The term “hyperbolization” is understood as the process of exaggerating or minimizing an object or parts of an object. In other words, these are fantasies about an unusual creature that acquires qualitatively new properties. Hyperbole is often used in fairy tales. Examples of hyperbolization are giants, gnomes, Thumb, Gulliver, the many-armed Indian god, Cyclops, Serpent Gorynych, Dwarf Nose, Thumbelina. Some scientists consider the process of hyperbolization to be one of the types of emphasis.
Note 2
Also, some scientists share the concept of hyperbolization and litotes: hyperbolization is an exaggeration of an object, and litotes is an understatement.
Diagnosis of the problem
A doctor can make a diagnosis of “agglutination” only based on the results of a spermogram.
To find out the causes of the pathology, a number of examinations are prescribed. If there are no more than two pluses in the “agglutination” column in the spermogram, then natural conception is possible. With the third and fourth degrees of pathology, asthenozoospermia (reduced mobility) can be diagnosed, and the reasons that caused this type of pathology are further investigated. To clarify the diagnosis and prescribe an examination plan, it is first necessary to conduct a repeat spermogram at intervals of 2–3 weeks in order to cover different stages of spermatogenesis. You should carefully prepare for the test. A false result may occur if, in preparation for the test, a period of abstinence was not maintained, alcohol was consumed, and other preparation rules were violated. When taking the test again, it is extremely important to maintain exactly the same period of abstinence as in the first case.
If both spermograms demonstrate a similar clinical picture, it is recommended to conduct several more studies:
- MAP test is an analysis for the presence of antisperm antibodies, which examines samples of sperm (direct test) or blood (indirect). The latter option is less informative, but is used in cases where it is difficult to obtain ejaculate samples;
- bacterial culture of sperm for the diagnosis of bacteriological infections.
Schematization as a mechanism of imagination
“Schematization” is understood as the process of smoothing out the differences that objects have and searching for similarities. In this case, secondary elements are cut off. Individual characteristics are also ignored.
An example of schematization could be an ornament created by an artist in which elements of plants were used.
Schemas are a series of interconnected thoughts. Schematization can be represented by several types:
- taking notes
- infographics
- illustrated chart
- algorithmic graph
- conceptual schematization
Symptoms and signs of pathology
Agglutination detected in a spermogram is not an independent disease, it is one of the conditions of sperm. Its presence signals problems in the body that have arisen for the reasons stated above. Agglutination in the spermogram itself does not cause discomfort and is asymptomatic. In rare cases and in severe cases, clots may be seen in the seminal fluid.
Signs of pathology include the absence of pregnancy in a couple, but it is impossible to independently diagnose agglutination. This should be done by a doctor based on test results.
Emphasis as a mechanism of imagination
The concept of “emphasis” is understood as the process of emphasizing certain specific features of an object. In this case, a change in the proportions of the object may occur. Accentuation, in other words, is called sharpening.
Examples of emphasis can be caricatures - a type of art that ridicules ideas, vices, phenomena, people using stereotypes, caricatures - a type of art similar to a caricature, but there is no purpose to ridicule, only an emphasis is placed on certain specific features.
The concept of emphasis includes the concepts of hyperbolization (exaggeration of the properties of an object) and litotes (decreasing the properties of an object).
Types of agglutination
- True agglutination . The sperm themselves have an irregular structure and stick together.
- Nonspecific agglutination (physiological aggregation). Sperm have normal structure and properties, but stick together with seminal fluid. Sperm are active, but their motility is reduced.
- Mixed agglutination . A combination of the two previous factors. It is rare and causes a more severe form of infertility.
Medical Internet conferences
1. General information about the biological object, sample preparation and experimental technique
The object of the study was donor blood, standard agglutinating serum and standard erythrocytes. Regardless of the type of cross-analysis of the blood type, the donor blood was subjected to centrifugation and separation into fractions: plasma and red blood cells. When conducting experiments of direct recording of erythrocyte agglutination, a three-component mixture was prepared, consisting of the erythrocytes under study, standard serum and physiological solution. In the case of a reverse agglutination reaction, the mixture included plasma from the same blood sample, an appropriate portion of standard red blood cells and saline. In both cases, in order to optimize the ratios of the mixture components, their values were varied experimentally.
Immediately after preparing the mixture, each sample was exposed to a standing ultrasonic wave. The cuvette with the mixture under study was placed on a piezoelectric transducer, the wave was oriented in the vertical direction. To excite the piezoceramic transducer, a G3-112/1 generator with an amplifier was used, and its output voltage was controlled by an S1-79 oscilloscope. The generator was tuned resonantly with respect to the transducer ν = 2.25 MHz, and its output voltage supplied to the piezoceramics did not exceed 15 V, which ensured ultrasonic action on red blood cells without their hemolysis. The duration of ultrasound action, as well as the time of subsequent incubation of the sample, were varied experimentally.
The biological object was probed with collimated radiation from an LXHL-G1S LED, the spectrum of which corresponded to the absorption spectrum of hemoglobin in the green region (Fig. 1).
From Fig. 1 it can be seen that the emission spectrum of the LED coincides with one of the maxima of the absorption spectrum of hemoglobin in the green region. LED power mode type LXHL-G1S: voltage 3V, current 0.3 A
At the moment the ultrasound was turned off, the CCD was turned on and a video of the sedimentation of agglutinates was recorded for 1.5 minutes. Typical photo frames for positive and negative reactions of erythrocyte agglutination are presented in Fig. 2.
The beam that passed through the test solution was sent to a Logitect-Quick Cam polychrome web camera connected to a PC. The resulting video images corresponded to the process of sedimentation of erythrocytes and/or their immune complexes within 1.5 minutes. Images were selected from the resulting video files, which were then decomposed into three RGB color channels. In the G (green) channel, the average pixel brightness B (brightness) over a given area was calculated for each image (Fig. 2). The average brightness B was a measure that reflected the processes occurring in a biological object during positive or negative agglutination reactions for different experimental conditions.
2. Optimization of the time of ultrasonic irradiation of a biological object.
Optimization of the time of ultrasonic action was carried out using the example of a reverse agglutination reaction (similar studies for the direct reaction were carried out in [16]). Group III(B) blood samples were centrifuged (3000 rpm, 8 minutes), and plasma was collected for experiments. The same dilution was used in all samples: 5 parts of test plasma and 5 parts of physiological solution were added to one part of standard red blood cells (plasma was diluted by half, 1:1). The cuvette volume was 1800 μL, and the gap thickness was 3 mm. Negative and positive reactions were always observed for the same plasma sample. To obtain a positive erythrocyte agglutination reaction, standard erythrocytes of group II(A) were used, and for a control negative reaction, standard erythrocytes of group III(B). Immediately after preparation, the sample was exposed to a standing ultrasonic wave. The exposure time varied from 10 seconds to 3 minutes. Then, a video of the sedimentation of agglutinates was filmed for 1.5 minutes. The results were processed in accordance with Section 1.
3. Optimization of dilution of test blood plasma (reverse method)
Experiments of this type require a fairly large amount of blood plasma from one group. Therefore, five blood samples of groups II(A) and III(B) were subjected to centrifugation (3000 rpm, 8 minutes). Then, 2 ml of plasma was collected from each blood sample and plasma samples from the same group, but from different donors, were mixed for further experiments. In all samples of the “plasma-standard erythrocytes-saline” mixture, the volume fraction of standard erythrocytes remained unchanged and amounted to 1/11 (9.09%). Thus, 10 parts were a mixture of plasma and saline. Plasma dilution with saline ranged from undiluted plasma to a 1:39 dilution of 1 part plasma to 39 parts saline. The cuvette volume was 1800 μL, and the gap thickness was 3 mm. In experiments with blood group II(A), standard erythrocytes of group III(B) were used to obtain a positive erythrocyte agglutination reaction, and group II(A) were used to obtain a negative control reaction; in experiments with blood group III(B) it was the other way around.
4. Optimization of dilution of standard erythrocyte solution (reverse method)
To find the optimal degree of dilution of the standard erythrocyte solution, five blood samples of group III(B) were centrifuged (2000 rpm, 5 minutes). Then, 1.9 ml of plasma was collected from each sample for further experiments. In all samples, the volume concentration of the test plasma (Cpl) remained unchanged and amounted to 18%. This value was chosen as optimal based on the results of the experiments in Section 3. The number of standard erythrocytes varied from equal to the amount of test plasma (1:1 dilution) to a dilution of 1:17, when one part of standard erythrocytes accounted for 17 parts of test plasma. The cuvette volume was 2800 μL, and the gap thickness was 5 mm. To obtain a positive erythrocyte agglutination reaction, standard erythrocytes of group II(A) were used, and for a control negative reaction of group III(B). The time of ultrasonic action on the three-component mixture “plasma-standard erythrocytes-saline solution” was 1 minute for all samples.
5. Optimization of red blood cell dilution (direct method)
A blood sample of group III(B) was centrifuged (3000 rpm, 8 minutes). Dilution of packed red blood cells with saline varied from 1:25 to 1:175. The optimal ratio of the amount of serum to the amount of red blood cells (packed red blood cells) in all samples remained unchanged at 10:1. To obtain a positive erythrocyte agglutination reaction, standard serum of group II(A) was used, and for a control negative reaction of group III(B).
Using agglutination in creativity
In art, many imaginative techniques - agglutination, emphasis - are often used. For example, Leo Tolstoy admitted that the image of Natasha Rostova from the novel “War and Peace” was based on two real women – his wife Sophia and her sister, Tatyana Bers. The combination of two types of women - one impetuous, lively and enthusiastic, and the second feminine and gentle - helped to give birth to an integral and absolutely vital character.
Sharpening, or emphasizing attention, no less helps to achieve a memorable result. Cartoonists especially love this technique. The depiction of a chatterbox as a person with an excessively long tongue, or a beer drinker with a huge belly, allows us to emphasize the most significant in the appearance and habits of the people depicted in the picture.
In literary works, the emphasis is placed at the moment of describing the hero. Focusing the reader's attention on any of his qualities allows him to convey the essence of the character's nature without further ado and even determine the author's attitude towards him.
