THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN HUMAN MENTAL ACTIVITY

After the lateral break was made, we had many mostly illogical (lateral) judgments. Now we have to take a step aimed at eliminating the resulting pattern gap. The upcoming stage is associated with work on the development of creative imagination to search and create full-fledged creative ideas from the metamorphoses obtained in the previous stages. In other words, in this class you will learn how to learn how to most effectively repair a lateral tear. This lesson describes the methods, principles and features of developing creative imagination, and also contains useful techniques, exercises and games.

History of discovery and study

In Russian psychology, interest in the phenomenon arose along with the study of other functions of the psyche. The main contribution to the study process was made by L. Vygotsky. He dedicated a book and dozens of articles to the imagination - a fundamental presentation of findings and theories regarding the development of the ability to imagine in ontogenesis.

Vygotsky paid great attention to the development of cognitive processes in preschool age. The scientist believed that this period was critical

He considered the ability to imagine in preschool age as the ability to create a whole from elements.

Vygotsky noted the complexity of mental activity and gradual development. According to his theory, creative activity depends on acquired experience. The child expresses accumulated knowledge through creativity. The accumulation process is influenced by various factors: interests, needs, desires. The ability to express oneself in childhood and adulthood depends on the speed of their satisfaction. Negative experiences acquired in childhood affect the adult individual.

Functions

1. Prompting activity with the help of a bright, attractive image of its result, means and methods of implementation, generalized ideas and specific plans.
2. Regulation of behavior in an uncertain, problematic situation with the help of images of alternative actions and their consequences.
3. Emotional self-regulation, autopsychotherapy, illusory satisfaction of needs. This function comes with the risk of escaping reality. Replacing reality with gaming images is one of the consequences of gambling addiction.
4. Organization of cognition - reconstruction of an object according to description, completion of missing elements, modeling.

How images arise

There are various ways to create them.

Emphasis is the highlighting of any parts, features or properties. The following techniques are used here:

Typification is a generalization of an image and its emotional saturation. Many literary heroes are shining examples of typification. For example, Gogol’s landowners from “Dead Souls”: Manilov is a barren dreamer, Korobochka is a greedy hoarder, Nozdryov is a dashing reveler.

Combination is the creation of a new one by combining parts of an existing one.

Exaggeration is the deliberate strengthening of any characteristic feature or phenomenon. For example, the expression: “This morning I drank ten liters of coffee” would be an exaggeration.

Exaggeration and understatement. Gulliver can be considered a striking example of both.

Combination is a combination of elements that already exist in new combinations.

Types of imagination

Active imagination is the process of solving a problem (creative or personal). A person operates with specific information, creating new connections between images.

Passive – meets internal needs. Images help to displace negative emotions or reduce their intensity, while positive ones, on the contrary, strengthen them.

Involuntary (unintentional) – causes the appearance of images in a state of reduced control by consciousness. These can be dreams, a state of drowsiness, half-asleep-half-awake, hallucinations and daydreams (creating an ideal world where a person is comfortable).

The power of involuntary imagination is proven by a world-famous example when D.I. Mendeleev dreamed of his periodic system of chemical elements, which he worked hard on, but could not complete.

Anticipatory imagination is the ability of people to foresee the results of the activities they perform.

Recreating – creating images based on description. It helps when reading books, it is useful wherever it is necessary to create reality using diagrams and drawings (architects, engineers, designers, etc.).

Creative imagination is the creation of new ideas and images that are valuable to others. They are built by analyzing and synthesizing existing ones, or creating ideal, previously non-existent figures.

A dream is the process of creating images of the future. May be sterile and effective

Efficiency is an important quality for realizing creative ideas

The essence of the concept of imagination

Kiryakova Alfiya

The essence of the concept of imagination

The essence of the concept of imagination

Along with memory images, which are copies of perception, a person can create completely new images. In images, something can appear that we did not directly perceive, and something that at all in our experience, and even something that does not actually exist in this particular form. These are images of the imagination .

Imagination is a cognitive process that consists of creating new images, on the basis of which new actions and objects arise (I. V. Dubrovina)

.

According to V. A. Krutetsky, imagination is the creation of images of objects and phenomena that have never been perceived by a person before.

According to Petrovsky A.V., imagination is a necessary element of human creative activity, expressed in the construction of an image of the products of labor, and also ensures the creation of a program of behavior in cases where the problem situation is characterized by uncertainty.

Analysis of existing concepts allows us to conclude that imagination is the creation of images of something unusual, previously not perceived by a person using creative processes.

We deal with when we think about the future or when we try to imagine something that is absent or cannot be perceived at a given moment in time. R. studied the process . S. Nemov, A. V. Petrovsky, I. V. Dubrovina, V. A. Krutetsky, L. S. Vygotsky.

These psychologists classify types of imagination on the following grounds.

1. The degree of activity of a person’s creation of new images and awareness of these images:

involuntary or passive imagination - new images arise under the influence of little-conscious or unconscious needs. These are dreams, hallucinations, reveries, states of “mindless rest”.

Sleep is a product of a healthy psyche. All people see dreams. Recent research has led scientists to believe that dreams are even necessary for the normal functioning of our brain. If you deprive a person of dreams, it can lead to mental disorder. The product of a sick or unhealthy psyche is hallucinations.

Hallucination is also a passive, unintentional imagination . Hallucinations appear in various mental illnesses, under the influence of strong experiences - feelings of melancholy, fear, obsessive thoughts.

Daydreaming is passive but intentional imagination . These are dreams that are not associated with the will aimed at fulfilling them.

2. According to originality, voluntary (active)
imagination is divided into recreative or reproductive, and creative.
According to L. S. Vygotsky, recreating or reproductive imagination is the construction of an image of an object, phenomenon in accordance with its verbal description or according to a drawing, diagram, picture. In the process of recreating imagination , new images arise, but new ones are subjective, for a given person, but objectively they already exist. They are already embodied in certain cultural objects. When reading fiction and educational literature, when studying geographical, historical and other descriptions, it constantly turns out to be necessary to recreate with the help of imagination what is said in these sources. Creative imagination is the independent creation of new images that are realized in original products of activity. Images are created without relying on a ready-made description or conventional image.

The role of creative imagination is enormous . New original works are being created that have never existed. However, their characters (among artists, sculptors, writers)

so vital and real that you begin to treat them as if they were alive.

According to I. V. Dubrovina, a special type of imagination is a dream . A dream is always aimed at the future, at the prospects for the life and activities of a specific person, a specific individual. A dream allows you to outline the future and organize your behavior to realize it. A dream does not provide an immediate objective product of activity, but is always an impetus for activity.

Based on the position of R. S. Nemov, the creative nature of the imagination depends on the extent to which children master the methods of transforming impressions used in play and artistic activity. The means and techniques of imagination are intensively mastered in preschool age. Children do not create new fantastic images, but simply transform existing ones. An effective way of transforming reality is complemented by operating with images that are not based on a momentarily perceived situation.

The images that arise in the imagination always contain features of images already known to a person. But in the new image they are transformed, changed, combined into unusual combinations.

I. V. Dubrovina believes that the essence of imagination lies in the ability to notice and highlight specific signs and properties in objects and phenomena and transfer them to other objects.

I. V. Dubrovina, E. E. Danilova, A. M. Prikhozhan identify several techniques of imagination .

Combination is a combination of individual elements of different images of objects in new, more or less unusual combinations. Combination is a creative synthesis, and not a simple sum of already known elements, it is a process of significant transformation of the elements from which a new image is built. For example, in the works of A.S. Pushkin.

A special case of combination is agglutination - a method of creating a new image by connecting, gluing together completely different objects or their properties. For example, a centaur, a dragon, a sphinx - a lion with a human head, or a flying carpet, when the ability to fly was transferred from a bird to another object. This is a fairy-tale image: the conditions under which the carpet could fly are not taken into account. But the very imaginary transfer of the ability of birds to fly to other bodies is justified. Then we studied the flight conditions and made our dream come true - an airplane appeared. The Minotaur is a monster with the body of a man and the head of a bull, a mermaid. Such connections of different objects exist not only in art, but also in technology: trolleybus, snowmobile, amphibious tank, etc.

Emphasis - emphasizing certain features (for example, the image of a giant)

.
This method underlies the creation of caricatures and friendly caricatures (smart - a very high forehead, lack of intelligence - low)
.

Emphasis manifests itself in several specific actions:

a) exaggeration - deliberately emphasizing the features of a person’s external appearance;

b) exaggeration or understatement (Tom Thumb, Thumbelina, the seven-headed Serpent-Gorynych)

;

c) typification - generalization and emotional richness of the image. This is the most difficult way to create an image of creative imagination . AM Gorky wrote that those writers who are good at the techniques of observation, comparison, selection of the most characteristic features of people and the inclusion of “ imagination ”

these features into one person. “How are types constructed in literature? - asked AM Gorky. - They are built, of course, not in portraiture, they don’t take a specific person, but take 30-50 people of one line, one row, one mood, and from them they create Oblomov, Onegin, Faust, Hamlet, Othello, etc. All these are generalized types."

Individual characteristics of imagination are determined by :

1) the degree of ease and difficulty with which imagination is generally given ;

2) the characteristics of the created image itself: absurdity or an original solution;

3) in which area is the creation of new images brighter and faster (personal orientation)

.

According to I.V. Dubrovina, E.E. Danilova and A.M. Prikhozhan, the main functions of imagination . Imagination , firstly, allows a person to imagine in the form of images and ideas that which he cannot directly perceive at a given moment, or that which at all or at a given moment in time. Secondly, imagination is necessary in order to solve some problems in a figurative form, without acting practically with things, but only by manipulating in the mind the images of things with which these problems are associated. Thirdly, imagination helps a person to go beyond the present time and, mentally transferring himself to the past or to the future, play out the corresponding actions in his mind. The human imagination also has two special, psychological functions. One of them is called psychodiagnostic, and the other is called psychotherapeutic. The psycho-diagnostic function of imagination lies in the fact that by analyzing the products of a person’s imagination , one can judge his psychology. This function is actively used in psychological tests, where a person is asked to come up with something, compose a story, see something specific in a chaotic accumulation of lines, colors, figures, etc. It is assumed that the products of a person’s fantasy directly reflect his psychological characteristics. The psychodiagnostic function of imagination, in turn, is that through it it is possible to influence a person’s positive state and behavior. Imagination in this function is widely used in many methods of practical psychology.

According to V. A. Krutetsky, the main meaning of imagination is that without it any human work would be impossible, since it is impossible to work without imagining the final result and intermediate results. Without imagination , progress would not be possible in science, technology, or art. All school subjects (not only history, biology, geography, literature, but also mathematics and language) cannot be fully absorbed without the activity of imagination . The activity of the imagination is always correlated with reality. Practice is the criterion for the correctness of imaginative . Practice allows you to concretize your plans, makes them clearer, more defined, and contributes to their implementation. The creative concept is enriched, tested and clarified in the process of actual implementation. While the idea is only in the head, it is not yet completely clear to a person. A similar process of realizing images of the imagination occurs in the creative work of an artist, musician, and writer.

Thus, every new image, new idea is correlated with reality and, in case of inconsistency, is rejected as false or corrected. A scientist tests a hypothesis with real facts: facts, observations, experiments. The designer-inventor determines the usefulness of the invention, the compliance of the invention with the requirements imposed on it, and the possibility of its practical application. An artist, sculptor, writer strives for the life-like truthfulness of a work, since the reflection of life’s truth is a necessary condition for influencing people. The teacher, designing the student’s personality, imagining, anticipating the results of educational influences, always looks very carefully at the results of these influences and, if necessary, changes them. The value of imagination lies in the fact that it allows you to make decisions and find a way out in a problem situation, even in the absence of the necessary completeness of knowledge that is necessary for thinking. Fantasy allows you to “jump” over certain stages of thinking and still imagine the end result. But this is also the weakness of this solution to the problem. The solutions outlined by imagination are often insufficiently precise and lax. However, the need to exist and act in an environment with incomplete information led to the emergence of an imagination . Since there will always be unexplored areas in the world around us, this apparatus of imagination will always be useful. With the help of imagination , a person reflects reality, but in other, unusual, often unexpected combinations and connections. Imagination transforms reality and creates new images on this basis. Imagination is closely related to thinking, therefore it is capable of actively transforming life impressions, acquired knowledge, perceptions and ideas. In general, imagination is associated with all aspects of human mental activity: with his perception, memory, thinking, feelings.

All representations of the imagination in the opinion of I. V. Dubrovina are built from material received in past perceptions and stored in memory. The activity of the imagination is always the processing of those data that are delivered by sensations and perceptions.
The imagination cannot create out of “nothing” (a person blind from birth cannot create a color image, a deaf person cannot create sounds)
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The most bizarre and fantastic products of the imagination are always built from elements of activity.
According to G. A. Uruntaeva, indicators of the development of imagination in the play of preschoolers are a variety of plots, action in an imaginary situation , independent choice of a substitute object, flexibility in changing the function and name of objects, originality of substitution of game actions, and criticality of partner substitution.

Imagination at an early age requires external support on objects and their signs; it is associated with external actions, with handling objects, playing with them, and at the same time with speech, with words that denote actions and objects.

Imagination assessment indicators :

• originality – the ability to produce unusual answers,

• fluency - the ability to quickly adapt in a difficult situation and the ability to generate a large number of ideas;

• flexibility - the ability to change the form in such a way as to see in it new features and opportunities for use;

• strength (brightness of images,

• latitude (their number,

• criticality (closeness to reality)

. However, these parameters, according to the author of the book, cannot be accurately assessed.

Thus, imagination is a cognitive creative process, as a result of which new images that were not previously perceived by a person arise. Imagination is classified by type and has its own individual characteristics, techniques and basic functions. Imagination is inherent only to man. It allows you to imagine the result of work, drawing, design and any other activity before it begins. It is impossible to imagine developments in science, art, and technology without imagination .

Bibliography

1. Dubrovina, I. V. Psychology [Text]: Textbook for students. avg. ped. institutions / I. V. Dubrovina, E. E. Danilova, A. M. Prikhozhan; Ed. I. V. Dubrovina. — 2nd ed., stereotype. - Moscow: Academy, 2003. - 464 p.

2. Krutetsky, V. A. Psychology [Text]: Textbook. for pedagogical students school / V. A. Krutetsky. — 2nd ed., revised. and additional –Moscow: Education, 1986. – 336 p.

3. Nemov, R. S. General psychology [Text]: Textbook. for students education institutions of the environment. prof. Education. / R. S. Nemov. -Moscow: VLADOS, 2003. –400 p.

4. Petrovsky, A.V. General psychology [Text]: Textbook. for pedagogical students institutes / A. V. Petrovsky, A. V. Brushlinsky, V. P. Zinchenko and others; edited by A. V. Petrovsky. — 3rd ed., revised. and additional -Moscow: Education, 1986. –464 p., ill.

5. Uruntaeva, G. A. Child psychology [Text]: a textbook for students. textbook institutions / G. A. Uruntaeva. – 6th ed., revised. and additional –Moscow: Academy, 2006. -368 p.

6. Dyachenko, O. M. On the main directions of development of the imagination of preschoolers . [Text] / O. M. Dyachenko // Questions of psychology. – 1988. – No. 6. P. 52 – 59.

7. Bezrukikh, M. M. Steps to school [Text]: A book for teachers and parents / M. M. Bezrukikh. –Moscow: Bustard, 2001. –362 p.

8. Uruntaeva, G. A. Preschool psychology [Text]: Textbook for student teachers. textbook manager / G. A. Uruntaeva. – 5th ed. stereotype. -Moscow: Academy, – 2001. -336 p.

9. Wenger, A. A. Home school of thinking [Text] / A. A. Wenger, L. A. Wenger. - Moscow: Knowledge, 1994. -150 p.

10. Zhitnikova, L. A. Teach children to remember [Text] / L. A. Zhitnikova. – Moscow: Education, 1978. –112 p.

11. Vygodsky, L. S. Lectures on psychology [Text] / L. S. Vygodsky. – St. Petersburg: Soyuz, 1997. – 144 p.

12. Mukhina, V. S. Developmental psychology: phenomenology of development, childhood, adolescence [Text]: Textbook for university students / V. S. Mukhina. — 4th ed., stereotype. -Moscow: Academy, 1999. –456 p.

13. Subbotina, L. Yu. Development of children’s imagination [Text] : A popular guide for parents and teachers. / L. Yu. Subbotina. –Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1996. –240 p., ill.

14. Shmeleva, A. G. Fundamentals of psychodiagnostics [Text]: a textbook for students of pedagogical universities / edited. Edited by A. G. Shmelev. -Moscow, Rostov-on-Don.: Phoenix, 1996. - 544 p.

Imagination in psychology

Imagination uses the memory of a person who has certain experiences, knowledge and memories. Creative thinking is also used, which may involve a person's ability to think of something they have never seen or heard. In psychology, the following functions of imagination are distinguished:

1. Cognitive – imagination helps to systematize information, understand it better and highlight something new for yourself.
2. Forecasting - a person is able to imagine in his head how events will unfold, what the final result will be.
3. Understandings - by imagining, a person can guess what another individual is thinking and feeling.
4. Self-development – ​​a person fantasizes and makes predictions, which makes him stronger and more self-confident.
5. Protection - if a person can predict events, then he can prepare for them.
6. Memories are the ability to reproduce what a person has already experienced.

Imagination comes in various forms. The most famous are:

• Agglutination is the creation of new forms, objects, phenomena based on really existing ones, which a person transforms in his consciousness.
• Emphasis – fixation of attention on a separate characteristic of an object.
• Typification is the identification of certain features in several objects.

What it is

Creativity, or creative thinking, is an activity that results in a person creating something completely new. To do this, he uses not only initial data, but also associations, experience, personal perception, imagination, and internal sensations. The result is an absolutely unique product.

It is studied in the psychology of creativity - a separate section devoted to the study of the creation of everything new by man in science, art, technology, everyday life and everyday life. It also examines creative potential - how it is formed and developed. This data is actively used in other areas:

• cultural-historical psychology;
• existential;
• humanistic;
• cognitive;
• psychoanalysis;
• activity approach;
• Gestalt therapy.

The potential of creative thinking is used not only in psychology. They are also interested in other sciences: philosophy, sociology, political science, pedagogy, computer science. Today, one of the recruitment criteria for many large companies is creativity. It is necessary not only for artists, film directors, poets and musicians. Many modern professions also require the ability to create something completely new and unique. These are designers, stylists, copywriters, marketers, advertisers, etc.

Development of imagination

Imagination, as a process that helps to understand the world around us, can and should be improved. To solve this problem, special exercises and activities aimed at its development are best suited. It must be said that imagination cannot be developed separately from attention, memory and thinking. That is why the tasks presented below contribute to noticeable progress in all cognitive processes, the leading of which is imagination.

Forecasting the future situation. The development of imagination begins with the formation of the skill to clearly imagine an object or phenomenon. Before you start any business, try to think in advance what will come of it. Answer yourself the question of what you want to get as a result, what you see as the final goal. It has been proven that the ability to imagine and think constructively in the direction of a given goal builds self-confidence, gives additional strength, adds determination, and reduces doubts.

Creating an artistic image. Suitable for writing a fairy tale, story, creating a portrait or landscape. You can also include embroidery here, the main thing is that you like the process itself. First, build in your head the image you want to portray.

Try to make it bright, eye-catching, helping to reveal your aspirations and talents. It is not necessary to create “War and Peace”, you can limit yourself to a small poem or sketch, the main condition is that creativity should inspire new ideas

It’s good if, in the process of imagination, fresh images and ideas begin to arise. The exercise is aimed at developing the ability to develop an image, allowing it to reveal itself in all its fullness and diversity.

Finishing the figure. The exercise is about developing the skill of creating a picture in your imagination out of nothing, it perfectly trains attention to detail, and teaches you to understand that a new image can be modeled from the most insignificant details. In the center of the sheet of paper, as a rule, there is a fragment of the figure that needs to be completed. If you distribute such sheets to participants in a small group and ask them to complete the task, each person will end up with their own unique drawing. The process of imagination for each person works purely individually.

"I am a successful person." If you have long dreamed of self-realization, then performing this exercise will bring you great joy and a colossal increase in energy. Imagine what you need in order to consider yourself an accomplished person. The main task is to realize as specifically as possible and keep in mind the activity that brings maximum satisfaction and helps to develop your personality. When this image is found, continue to draw a picture of ideal success in your imagination, noting what events should happen in the future. The exercise is unique in that it allows not only to train the imagination, but also aims a person at a positive result, helps to develop faith in one’s own strengths and capabilities.

These imagination exercises contribute to the formation of an individual vision of life, building prospects for personal and professional advancement. The tasks can be completed every day; they are suitable for representatives of any profession and title. Of course, it will be much easier to complete them for creative people related to painting, literature, music, design, etc.

Thus, the role of imagination in human life is extremely significant and deep. After all, each of us in any activity requires mastery of abstract thinking, the ability to imagine the desired effect. Try to read more books, participate in the cultural and social life of the city, and constantly improve your potential. A developed imagination is an integral part of a successful personality.

Exercises

For creative thinking, it is important to be able to find connections between already acquired experience and what we are contemplating at the moment, in other words, to build associations. The exercises below are aimed at developing imagination and associative thinking.

Exercise 1. Rotating shapes

This exercise is aimed at training the imagination. Its use in the development of imagination was proposed in the 1980s by the famous psychologist Roger Shepard. In each task, you will be shown 2 figures: some are obtained by reflecting each other, others by rotation, and others are simply similar and are not rotation and reflection of each other.

You need to read the question, look carefully at the figures, try to mentally reflect and rotate the figures in your imagination and understand whether they are the same.

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Exercise 2. Solving doodles

Droodles

- These are simple pictures, the image on which can be interpreted in different ways. To train your imagination with the help of doodles, you need to give as many answers as possible to the question: “What is shown in the picture?” Also, to develop your imagination as part of increasing your creativity, try to find a meaning for the picture that does not immediately come to mind. You can see all droodles with answers and comments on this page.

Exercise 3. Letter (test)

Within a minute, try to name as many things as possible that are now in the room with you and begin with the letter: “K.” The letter “P”... And the letter “B”?

Count how much you got. If you try, you can name more than 50 things, or even more than 100. To improve this exercise, think about what groups of surrounding objects you forgot to include. For example, starting with the letter “B” you can name:

• things, hanger, (items),
• screws, introduction in the book on the shelf, (details of objects),
• tungsten lamp filaments, felt, cotton wool, viscose, etc. (materials),
• pile on the carpet, wax on the parquet (coating),
• hair, eyelids, freckles, temples, etc. (body),
• imagination, delight, excitement, the ability to come up with something else (mental concepts),
• air, breeze, variants of words, yourself, everyone else (also with “v”).

Think what else can be called? Practice with other letters: “p”, “k”, “s” are easier, “d”, “a”, “t” are more difficult.

Exercise 4. Come up with a title and description

Try to come up with a title or caption for the picture, describe what is happening in it:

As you may have guessed, this is a painting by Pablo Picasso. It's called Night Fishing in Antibes. To develop your creative imagination, try to more often describe interesting things around you: paintings, photographs, music, food and much more. Try to go to museums more often and look carefully at the exhibits. The mystery of Malevich’s “Black Square,” for example, is that if you have imagination and a creative perception of the world, you can see a lot for yourself in this picture. If you don’t bother with your creativity, then you will only see a black geometric figure that does not represent anything. The black square is a mirror of your imagination.

Another variation of this exercise is: While traveling on public transport, try to come up with a name, biography or other details for strangers who are traveling with you, based only on their appearance. If you are traveling with a friend, share yours with him, and then invite him to do the same, compare your stories.

Imagination and creativity

Creativity is the process of creating fundamentally new or improved methods for solving tasks and problems. It becomes obvious that imagination and the creative process are very interconnected.

Imagination here is defined as the transformation of ideas about reality and the creation of new images on this basis. It works every time a person thinks about some object or phenomenon, without even coming into direct contact with it. Thanks to creative imagination, the transformation of this idea is carried out.

Creative thinking and imagination have their own specific characteristics. Through this process, it is possible to create completely new, unique representations based on the subject's own ideas and thoughts, which express the personality of the creator. It can be voluntary or involuntary. To a large extent, creative imagination or inclination towards it is determined from birth, but it can also be developed.

The development of creative imagination occurs in three stages. At first, a creative idea arises. In the mind of the creator, a fuzzy image first appears, an initial idea that can be created arbitrarily, without purposeful comprehension of the idea. The second stage involves hatching a plan. A person thinks about strategies for translating an idea into reality and mentally improves it. The third stage completes the incubation of the idea and brings it to life.

The development of creative imagination is carried out in the process of transition from involuntary to voluntary, from recreating to creative. During childhood and adolescence, creative imagination has characteristic features; it is special for its magic, fantastic judgments about the world and the absence of a critical component of thinking and rationality. During adolescence, complex changes occur in the body, and therefore in consciousness as well. Objectivity is developed, perception becomes more critical. Rationality of perception appears a little later, when a person becomes an adult. The adult mind begins to control the imagination, often too much criticality and practicality weakens the processes of fantasy, overfilling them with meaning, loading them with some kind of information that is actually unnecessary.

There are certain methods for developing creative thinking. The most practical method is to read literature and watch scientific films, expand the range of your knowledge, draw knowledge from different areas of life, memorize and analyze information. In this case, a large amount of materials for creative processes appears.

Imagine imaginary objects, try to carry out various manipulations with them. For example, imagine the sea, hear the sound of breaking waves, feel the breath of sea freshness, imagine entering the water, feel its temperature, and so on. Or another example, imagine a pear. Imagine its shape, size, color. Use tactile perception, imagine it when it is in your hand, feel its surface, aroma. You can mentally take a bite of it and imagine the taste.

In order for the imagination to be voluntary, it is necessary to work on it through regular training. To make the effect even greater, you need to look for sources of inspiration, ask friends for help, and ask about their ideas. Try group work to create ideas, sometimes the results are very unique, and a person becomes more active if the process of imagination occurs in a circle of other creative individuals.

Signs

Psychologists identify the following signs of creative thinking:

• speed of generating ideas;
• flexibility - generating an endless stream of ideas;
• originality - the uniqueness of ideas, their dissimilarity from others;
• detailing - important small details are added during the work process;
• emotional involvement in the problem being solved (as practice shows, an unmotivated person capable of creativity will not even begin to consider it);
• multifunctionality - the ability to do several things at once without compromising their quality;
• completeness - every idea and image acquires logical completeness.

Consequences of creative thinking and activity
Representatives of Gestalt psychology painted the following portrait of a person who is distinguished by a creative way of thinking (they call him a “creator”):

• is not limited by anything either in thoughts or in action;
• not blinded by habits;
• never repeats anything, especially after someone;
• does not act mechanically;
• does not take a one-sided, partial position;
• is unable to concentrate on what is not interesting to him;
• does not perceive the world and other people by their external standards and parameters, but always tries to look inside;
• not rational, not calculating, not indifferent and not indifferent.

Psychologists have even determined how the character traits of people with a creative mind manifest themselves:

• go against the standards of society;
• have a strong personality;
• very sensitive and vulnerable;
• underestimate their abilities too much;
• Even in adulthood, they remain children at heart.

So people who are inclined to creativity can most often be noticed without even conducting any additional research - their character will reveal them in any society.

Main types

There are many examples in history when fantasies were later reflected in reality. Science fiction writers and inventors actively studied the world around us and were able to predict the development of humanity.

For example, computers, video calls, and space flights are found in the works of writers of the 20th century. In the 21st century, all this has become everyday things.

Children's imagination manifests itself most clearly during games.

Therefore, fantasy has its own functions; it cannot be considered a useless process. Psychologists don't know exactly why some people exhibit this ability more than others. There are several types of imagination.

Active

It was with his help that the entire culture was created. Active fantasy serves as motivation for a person, since he clearly imagines the result of his productive activity. With the help of certain actions, the image of the future is brought closer.

For example, a sculpture conceived a statue. He takes an ordinary piece of stone and begins to chip away at it little by little. The result is a specific figure.

In this type of imagination, a person is guided by his idea of ​​an object that does not exist in nature. Therefore, such fantasies made it possible to create all objects of art.

Passive

This species is characterized by dreams and fantasies. A person only invents different images, but is in no hurry to translate them into reality. This process is not dangerous, but some people devote all their time to it and give up on real work.

Dreams themselves help to distract from problems

A person himself evokes images, indulges in daydreams and imagines what and how he will change. A simple example of passive imagination is Oblomov from Goncharov’s novel. He lay on the sofa, dreaming about how he would get married and improve the estate. But even for the sake of the woman he loved, he did not dare to change anything, and remained with his dreams.

Alternative

There is another classification of fantasies. She distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary imagination. What characterizes voluntary imagination is its appearance when solving specific problems. For example, when doing math tasks, you need to visualize the solution

This is especially important for doing geometry exercises.

In dreams and random visions, this is where voluntary imagination is usually found. This happens especially often during meditation or other trance practices.

There is another classification that distinguishes reproductive and productive imagination. The first is characterized by the creation of images that are as close as possible to real objects. For the second, the material is processed as much as possible in the author’s thoughts, and then implemented in life. Different classifications allow you to look at the same term differently.

Creative thinking and imagination. Processes of imagination. Psychology of creativity

General ideas about memory. Memory processes. Physiological basis of memory. Classifications of memory Read more: Significative (designation) - distinguishes human speech from animal communication. A person has an idea of ​​an object or phenomenon associated with a word.

26. Creative thinking and imagination. Processes of imagination. Psychology of creativity

Imagination is a mental process that consists of creating new images by processing the material of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience. Imagination is a necessary element of human creative activity, expressed in the construction of an image of the products of activity, and also ensures the creation of a program of behavior in cases where the problem situation is characterized by uncertainty.

The purpose of imagination as a mental process:

-allows you to present the result of an activity before it begins;

- present not only the final product, but also intermediate products

Consequently, V. orients a person in the process of activity - creates a mental model of products.

V. is associated with thinking, they allow you to foresee the future. Both thinking and imagination arise in a problem situation when it is necessary to find new solutions. They are motivated by the needs of the individual. The real process of satisfying needs may be preceded by illusory, imaginary satisfaction of needs. But in the process of imagination, the anticipatory reflection of reality occurs in a concrete form in the form of vivid ideas, and in the processes of thinking - by operating with concepts.

Imagination arises when a problem situation is characterized by uncertainty.

Thus, imagination allows you to make a decision and find a way out of a problem situation even in the absence of the necessary completeness of knowledge that is necessary for thinking.

Types of imagination:

Passive (images are not brought to life, planned behavior programs are not implemented). May occur intentionally or unintentionally (dreams, pathological disorders of consciousness, etc.)

Active: creative (independent creation of images) and recreating (creation of images that correspond to the description).

1. according to the degree of randomness:

- voluntary (active or intentional): recreative (the ability to choose a favorite melody) and creative (independent creation, for example, of a melody).

- involuntary (during dreams) (passive or unintentional).

2. by methods of creating images: recreating and creative.

A dream is an image of the desired future.

Voluntary V. is characterized by the presence of a task to create an image and a volitional effort in carrying out this task.

Involuntary imagination is characterized by non-participation, insignificant involvement in the process of creating images, volitional effort and goal setting (dreams, daydreams).

Imagination processes:

Imagination processes are analytical-synthetic in nature. The main tendency of the imagination is the transformation of ideas (images), which ultimately ensures the creation of a model of a situation that is obviously new and has not previously arisen.

The essence of V. is the process of transforming ideas, creating new images based on existing ones. V. is a reflection of reality in new, unexpected, unusual combinations and connections.

The synthesis of ideas in the processes of imagination is carried out in various forms:

1. agglutination - “gluing together” various qualities, properties, parts that are not connected in everyday life. (mermaid, hut on chicken legs).

2. hyperbolization - increasing or decreasing an object (a giant, a little boy) and changing the number of parts of an object or shifting them: multi-armed goddesses, dragons with 7 heads.

3. sharpening, emphasizing any features: cartoons, caricatures

4. schematization - ideas merge, differences are smoothed out, and similarities come to the fore.

5. typification - highlighting the essential, repeated in homogeneous facts and embodying them in a specific image.

Images of creative imagination are created through various techniques of intellectual operations. In the structure of creative imagination, two types of such intellectual operations are distinguished. The first is the operations through which ideal images are formed, the second is the operations on the basis of which the finished product is processed.

One of the first psychologists to study these processes, T. Ribot, identified 2 main operations: dissociation and association. Dissociation is a negative and preparatory operation during which sensory experience is fragmented. As a result of such preliminary processing of experience, its elements are able to enter into a new combination.

Without prior dissociation, creative imagination is unthinkable. Dissociation is the first stage of creative imagination, the stage of preparing material.

Association is the creation of a holistic image from elements of isolated image units. The association gives rise to new combinations, new images.

27. Psychology of speech. Types and functions of speech. Thinking and speech

Speech communication developed on the basis of work activity. Speech is language in action. Language is a system of signs, including words with their meanings and syntax - a set of rules by which sentences are constructed. A word is a type of sign. The objective property of a verbal sign, which determines our theoretical activity, is the meaning of the word, which is the relationship of the sign (word) to the object designated in reality, regardless of how it is represented in the individual consciousness.

In contrast to the meaning of a word, personal meaning is a reflection in the individual consciousness of the place that a given object (phenomenon) occupies in the system of human activity. If the meaning unites the socially significant features of a word, then the personal meaning is the subjective experience of its content.

Ferdinand de Saussure (founder of linguistics). The main property of language is convention, the arbitrariness of the sign. A sign replaces an object in its sensory form; one can operate with an object without practical action with it. Language is a set of signs and rules for operating them. Speech is the process of using language. Their differences: 1) language is stable, speech is dynamic. Speech as a process is an opportunity for the development of language as a system. B) language is a system of social meanings; speech will allow one to express individual meaning. 3) speech is first mastered in application, and then the rules are realized. Language first involves familiarity with terms and rules, and then application in speech. Speech is a form of communication mediated by language.

The functions of the language are highlighted:

1. a means of existence, transmission and assimilation of socio-historical experience - language is a means of encoding information about the studied properties of objects and phenomena. Through language, information about the world around us and man himself, received by previous generations, becomes the property of subsequent generations.

2. means of communication (communication) - language allows you to influence the interlocutor - direct (if it is indicated directly what needs to be done) or indirect (if the interlocutor is given information important for his activities, which he will focus on immediately and at another time in the appropriate situation)

3. an instrument of intellectual activity (perception, memory, thinking, imagination) - a person, performing any activity, consciously plans his actions. Language is the main tool for planning intellectual activity and solving mental problems.

Speech has 3 functions:

General ideas about memory. Memory processes. Physiological basis of memory. Classifications of memory Read more: Significative (designation) - distinguishes human speech from animal communication. A person has an idea of ​​an object or phenomenon associated with a word.

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The importance of imagination in human life

Imagination is very important in human life. Imagination allows a person to live fully:

• communicate with other people
• visualize goals
• use your natural creativity
• make discoveries
• come up with something new
• find solutions to complex problems
• to know what is still unknown
• imagine and understand something that a person has never seen in reality (for example, how electrons move around an atom)
• calculate your actions several steps ahead (in business, career, relationships)
• predict events and decision options

And much more. In our age, human intellectual activity is connected with imagination quite strongly, especially in those professions in which everything cannot be entrusted to computers: programming, design, research. This is the reason why each of us needs to develop our imagination.

The importance of imagination for child development

When we talk about children, human development and imagination are closely intertwined. In the first years and throughout preschool childhood, the child actively develops this cognitive process. And it turns out that if a child, for some reason, cannot develop his imagination sufficiently, he may not develop many other necessary abilities.

Read more about child development in the article the most effective method of child development

A developed imagination allows in the future to develop creativity, creative thinking, the ability to find original solutions, and find a way out of difficult situations. Agree, all these skills are so necessary in the modern world that it is worthwhile to develop the imagination. In my opinion this is true.

THE ROLE OF IMAGINATION IN HUMAN MENTAL ACTIVITY

The role of imagination in human mental activity

Content

Introduction

1. General characteristics of imagination and its role in mental activity

1.1 Characteristics of the imagination process

1.2 The role of imagination in human mental activity

2. Differential characteristics of imagination

2.1 Individual characteristics of imagination differentiation

2.2 Stages of imagination development

2.3 Mechanisms for processing ideas into imaginary images

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Imagination, like any human ability, requires development. Currently, in psychology the following approaches to the concept of “ability” are distinguished: general psychological and differential psychological. According to these directions, abilities recognize any manifestation of human capabilities. At the heart of the problem is the question of how to more effectively develop the capabilities of all people, including their knowledge and skills.

According to K.D. Ushinsky, the mind is nothing more than a well-organized system of knowledge. Consequently, the problem of abilities takes on a psychological and pedagogical connotation. It turns out that all people are capable, everyone can do anything. In the book by V.N. Druzhinin’s “Psychology of General Abilities”, this tradition finds its continuation, since general abilities are understood as intelligence, learning ability, and creativity. In our country in the 1920-1930s. the problem of abilities was studied mainly within the framework of psychotechnics using testing methods. A new step in the theoretical understanding of the problem was made in the 1930-1940s. thanks to the works of S.L. Rubinstein and B.M. Teplova. In the subsequent period, a great contribution to the development of this topic was made by the works of T.I. Artemyeva, E.A. Golubeva, V.N. Druzhinina, A.G. Kovaleva, V.N. Myasishcheva, K.K. Platonova, V.D. Shadrikova.

Imagination is a very important and valuable mental ability; a meager or poorly developed imagination is not capable of delivering to its owner as many positive moments as someone who has it much more developed. Significant differences between people are revealed, for example, regarding the nature of the dominant type of imagination. Most often there are people with a predominance of visual, auditory or motor images of the imagination. But there are people who have a high development of all or most types of imagination; they can be classified as the so-called mixed type. Belonging to one or another type of imagination very significantly affects the individual psychological characteristics of a person and is a very important part in the development of his mental characteristics.

Man constantly comes into contact with his environment. Every second our senses are affected by dozens and hundreds of different stimuli, many of which remain in human memory for a long time. Moreover, one of the most curious phenomena of the human psyche is that the impressions received in previous practice from objects and phenomena of the real world are not only stored in memory for a long time, but are also subject to certain processing. The existence of this phenomenon has made it possible for humans to influence the environment and purposefully change it.

It should be noted that the impact of an animal on the external environment and changes in the external environment by humans have fundamental differences. Unlike an animal, a person influences the environment systematically, directing his efforts towards a predetermined goal. This nature of the change in reality in the process of labor presupposes a preliminary representation in the mind of what a person wants to receive as a result of his activity. For example, a spider performs certain operations that resemble those of a weaver, and bees, in the construction of their wax cells, resemble human builders. However, any worst specialist differs from the best bee or the most skillful spider in that he acts according to a pre-planned plan. Any work involves the development of such a plan, and only then its implementation in practice.

Thus, considering the process of a person creating something new, we are faced with another phenomenon of the human psyche. Its essence lies in the fact that a person creates an image in his mind that does not yet exist in reality, and the basis for creating such an image is our past experience, which we received by interacting with objective reality. It is this process - the process of creating new mental images - that is called imagination. [3, p.118]

So, imagination is the process of transforming ideas that reflect reality, and creating new ideas on this basis. It is generally accepted that imagination arose in the process of labor - a specifically human activity, due to the existence of a need to transform objects of the real world. For example, having before his eyes a tool of labor that was not entirely perfect in its characteristics and properties, a person could imagine another tool that corresponds to his idea of ​​what is necessary to perform a particular labor operation. But then, in the course of the historical development of man, the activity of the imagination began to manifest itself not only in work, but also in the fantasies and dreams of man, i.e. in images that could not be created in practice at the moment. Extremely complex forms of imagination have appeared, necessary in scientific, technical and artistic creativity. However, even in these cases, imagination appears as the result of the transformation of our ideas obtained from reality.

The process of imagination always occurs in inextricable connection with two other mental processes - memory and thinking. Speaking about imagination, we only emphasize the predominant direction of mental activity. If a person is faced with the task of reproducing representations of things and events that were previously in his experience, we are talking about memory processes. But if the same ideas are reproduced in order to create a new combination of these ideas or create new ideas from them, we talk about the activity of the imagination.

It should be noted that imaginary images are created only by processing individual aspects of a person’s existing images of reality. For example, while reading science fiction novels, you probably noticed that fictional characters (aliens, monsters, non-existent animals, etc.) are still completely or partially similar in appearance to objects known to us, i.e. were transformed by the writer's imagination from reality. [7, p.16-17]

Speaking about imagination, one cannot underestimate its role in human mental activity, because a certain processing of images of reality occurs even in the simplest version of reproduction. Thus, when imagining any object or event, we are very often unable to reproduce the corresponding facts in all detail and with all the details. However, things and events are reproduced not in the form of incoherent fragments or scattered frames, but in their integrity and continuity. Consequently, a kind of processing of the material occurs, expressed in the replenishment of ideas with the necessary details, i.e. in the process of reproduction, the activity of our imagination begins to manifest itself.

To a much greater extent, the activity of imagination is present in the formation of images of objects or phenomena that we have never perceived. This is how ideas arise about natural areas where we have never been, or ideas about the image of a literary hero.

The activity of the imagination is most closely related to a person’s emotional experiences. Imagining what you want can evoke positive feelings in a person, and in certain situations, a dream about a happy future can bring a person out of extremely negative states, allowing him to escape from the situation of the present moment, analyze what is happening and rethink the significance of the situation for the future. Consequently, imagination plays a very significant role in regulating our behavior. [9, p.230]

Imagination is also connected with the implementation of our volitional actions. Thus, imagination is present in any type of our work activity, since before creating anything, it is necessary to have an idea of ​​​​what we are creating. Moreover, the further we move away from mechanical labor and approach creative activity, the more the importance of our imagination increases.

It is generally accepted that the physiological basis of imagination is the actualization of neural connections, their disintegration, regrouping and unification into new systems. In this way, images arise that do not coincide with previous experience, but are not divorced from it. The complexity, unpredictability of imagination, its connection with emotions give reason to assume that its physiological mechanisms are associated not only with the cortex, but also with deeper structures of the brain. In particular, the hypothalamic-limbic system plays a major role here.

It should be noted that imagination, due to the characteristics of the physiological systems responsible for it, is to a certain extent associated with the regulation of organic processes and movement. Imagination influences many organic processes: the functioning of the glands, the activity of internal organs, metabolism in the body, etc. For example, it is well known that the idea of ​​a delicious dinner causes us to salivate profusely, and by instilling in a person the idea of ​​a burn, one can cause real signs of “ burn" on the skin. This pattern has been known for a long time and is widely used in the treatment of so-called psychosomatic patients during therapy sessions. On the other hand, imagination also influences human motor functions. For example, if we imagine that we are running along a stadium track during a competition, the devices will register subtle contractions of the corresponding muscle groups. [6, p.67-68]

Another example of the influence of imagination on organic processes can be a change in gas exchange at the time when we imagine performing any physical work. For example, we imagine ourselves lifting a heavy barbell in a competition. In this case, the devices will record an increase in the intensity of gas exchange. The same phenomenon will be detected in those cases when we see the face of a person lifting a barbell. [9, p.235]

Thus, we can conclude that imagination - the process of creating images of those phenomena that are not perceived at the moment - became the subject of differential analysis at the end of the last century. Imagination plays a significant role both in the regulation of the processes of the human body and in the regulation of its motivated behavior.

imagination mental image

Differentiation is the separation of parts from the whole, necessary for conscious access to psychological functions. Differentiation is both a natural process of mental growth and a conscious psychological event - it is necessary for the process of individualization. This also applies to the process of imagination. People's imagination is developed differently, and it manifests itself differently in their activities and social life. Individual characteristics of imagination are expressed in the fact that people differ in the degree of development of imagination and in the type of images with which they operate most often. [5, p.186]

The degree of development of imagination is characterized by the vividness of images and the depth with which the data of past experience is processed, as well as the novelty and meaningfulness of the results of this processing. The strength and vividness of imagination is easily assessed when the product of imagination is implausible and bizarre images, for example, among the authors of fairy tales. Poor development of imagination is expressed in a low level of processing of ideas. Weak imagination entails difficulties in solving mental problems that require the ability to visualize a specific situation. With an insufficient level of imagination development, a rich and emotionally diverse life is impossible.

People differ most clearly in the degree of vividness of their imagination. If we assume that there is a corresponding scale, then at one pole there will be people with extremely high levels of vividness of the images of the imagination, which they experience as visions, and at the other pole there will be people with extremely pale ideas. As a rule, we find a high level of imagination in people engaged in creative work - writers, artists, musicians, scientists. [3, p.120]

Even F. Galton, in a series of his extensive experiments, tried to discover what forms of imagination exist. In modern research, such a form of imagination as daydreams and daydreams is being actively studied - the independent creation of new images of what is desired.

It turns out that those who can be called "dreamers" are more self-aware, they remember their night visions well and show less tendency to suppress their thoughts. Dreamers are more clear about the things that worry them and are willing to report them. American psychologist George Singer in 1966 identified, based on the use of factor analysis of data, seven patterns characterizing individual differences in the area of ​​secondary representations - dreams. The first two factors reflected frequency (the tendency to have often different dreams or rarely just a few) and satisfaction (perceiving dreams as a normal part of one's life, recognizing them also as a way to help solve some problems). The remaining five factors were associated with the content of dreams of this nature:

Self-blame (themes of guilt, pangs of conscience, depression are visited throughout the day by people with high scores on this factor);

Neurotic self-absorption (excessive attention to the characteristics and reactions of one's own body, associated with anxiety);

Bizarreness (for example, someone's head floating in outer space);

Kaleidoscopicity - “a stream of fragmentary pieces of images passing through consciousness” (which is typical for people who are easily distracted and bored);

Realism (positively correlates with emotional stability and curiosity about the physical world; has a positive impact on the process of planning and scientific analysis). [4, p.159]

Significant differences between people are revealed regarding the nature of the dominant type of imagination. Most often there are people with a predominance of visual, auditory or motor images of the imagination. But there are people who have a high development of all or most types of imagination. These people can be classified as the so-called mixed type. Belonging to one or another type of imagination very significantly affects the individual psychological characteristics of a person. For example, people of the auditory or motor type very often dramatize the situation in their thoughts, imagining a non-existent opponent.

It should be noted that a person is not born with a developed imagination. The development of imagination occurs during human ontogenesis and requires the accumulation of a certain stock of ideas, which in the future can serve as material for creating images of the imagination. Imagination develops in close connection with the development of the entire personality, in the process of training and education, as well as in unity with thinking, memory, will and feelings.

It is very difficult to determine any specific age limits that characterize the dynamics of imagination development. There are examples of extremely early development of imagination. On the other hand, the late development of imagination does not mean that this process will be at a low level in more mature years. [1, p.142-143]

Despite the difficulty of determining the stages of development of imagination in humans, certain patterns in its formation can be identified. Thus, the first manifestations of imagination are closely related to the process of perception. For example, children aged one and a half years are not yet able to listen to even the simplest stories or fairy tales; they are constantly distracted or fall asleep, but listen with pleasure to stories about what they themselves have experienced. This phenomenon clearly shows the connection between imagination and perception. A child listens to a story about his experiences because he clearly imagines what is being said. The connection between perception and imagination continues at the next stage of development, when the child begins to process received impressions in his games, modifying previously perceived objects in his imagination. The chair turns into a cave or an airplane, the box into a car. However, it should be noted that the first images of a child’s imagination are always associated with activity. The child does not dream, but embodies the processed image in his activities, even though this activity is a game.

An important stage in the development of imagination is associated with the age when a child masters speech. Speech allows the child to include in the imagination not only specific images, but also more abstract ideas and concepts. Moreover, speech allows the child to move from expressing images of imagination in activity to their direct expression in speech.

The stage of mastering speech is accompanied by an increase in practical experience and the development of attention, which allows the child to more easily identify individual parts of an object, which he already perceives as independent and with which he increasingly operates in his imagination. However, the synthesis occurs with significant distortions of reality. Due to the lack of sufficient experience and insufficient critical thinking, the child cannot create an image that is close to reality. The main feature of this stage is the involuntary nature of the emergence of imagination. Most often, images of imagination are formed in a child of this age involuntarily, in accordance with the situation in which he finds himself.

The next stage in the development of imagination is associated with the emergence of its active forms. At this stage, the process of imagination becomes voluntary. The emergence of active forms of imagination is initially associated with stimulating initiative on the part of an adult. For example, when an adult asks a child to do something (draw a tree, build a house out of cubes, etc.), he activates the process of imagination. To do this, the child must first create, or recreate, a certain image in his imagination. Moreover, this process of imagination, by its nature, is already voluntary, since the child tries to control it. Later, the child begins to use his own imagination without any adult participation. This leap in the development of imagination is reflected, first of all, in the nature of the child’s games. They become focused and story-driven. The things surrounding the child become not just stimuli for the development of objective activity, but act as material for the embodiment of images of his imagination. A child aged 4-5 years begins to draw, build, sculpt, rearrange things and combine them in accordance with his plan. [2, p.58-60]

Another major shift in imagination occurs during school age. The need to understand educational material determines the activation of the process of recreating imagination. In order to assimilate the knowledge that is given at school, the child actively uses his imagination, which causes the progressive development of the ability to process images of perception into images of imagination.

Another reason for the rapid development of imagination during school years is that during the learning process the child actively acquires new and diverse ideas about objects and phenomena of the real world. These ideas serve as a necessary basis for imagination and stimulate the student’s creative activity. [8, p.104]

Images recreated in the process of imagination cannot arise out of nothing. They are formed on the basis of our previous experience, on the basis of ideas about objects and phenomena of objective reality. The process of creating imaginary images from impressions received by a person from reality can occur in various forms.

The creation of imaginary images goes through two main stages. At the first stage, a kind of division of impressions, or existing ideas, into their component parts occurs. In other words, the first stage of the formation of imaginary images is characterized by the analysis of impressions received from reality or ideas formed as a result of previous experience. During such an analysis, the object is abstracted, i.e. it appears to us isolated from other objects, and at the same time, the abstraction of parts of the object also occurs.

With these images, transformations of two main types can then be carried out. Firstly, these images can be put into new combinations and connections. Secondly, these images can be given a completely new meaning. In any case, operations are performed with abstracted images that can be characterized as synthesis. These operations, which constitute the essence of the synthesizing activity of the imagination, are the second stage in the formation of imaginative images. Moreover, the forms in which the synthesizing activity of the imagination is carried out are extremely diverse. We will look at just a few of them. [4, p.161-162]

The simplest form of synthesis in the process of imagination is agglutination, i.e. creating a new image by attaching in the imagination parts or properties of one object to another. Examples of agglutination include: the image of a centaur, the image of a winged man in the drawings of North American Indians, the image of an ancient Egyptian deity, etc.

Agglutination is widely used in art and technical creativity. The processes underlying agglutination are very diverse. As a rule, they can be divided into two main groups: processes associated with a lack of criticality, or lack of analytical perception, and arbitrary processes, i.e. controlled by consciousness, associated with mental generalizations. The image of a centaur apparently arose when, in conditions of insufficient visibility, a man galloping on a horse was perceived as some kind of unprecedented animal. At the same time, the image of a winged man most likely arose consciously, since it symbolizes the idea of ​​fast and easy movement through the air and is concretized in a sensual image.

One of the most common ways of processing images of perception into images of imagination is to increase or decrease an object or its parts. Various literary characters have been created using this method.

Agglutination can also be carried out by incorporating already known images into a new context. In this case, new connections are established between ideas, thanks to which the entire set of images receives a new meaning. Typically, when introducing ideas into a new context, the process is preceded by a specific idea or goal. This process is completely controllable, unless it is a dream, when control of consciousness is impossible. When incorporating already known images into a new context, a person achieves correspondence between individual ideas and the holistic context. Therefore, the entire process is subordinated to certain meaningful connections from the very beginning. [5, p. 199]

The most significant ways of processing ideas into images of the imagination, following the path of generalization of essential features, are schematization and emphasis.

Schematization can occur under different conditions. Firstly, schematization can arise as a result of an incomplete, superficial perception of an object. In this case, the representations are schematized randomly, and they sometimes highlight minor details that were accidentally discovered during the perception of the object. As a result, distortions arise that lead to the creation of imaginary images that distort reality. A similar phenomenon often occurs in children.

Secondly, the reason for schematization in the case of a sufficiently complete perception of the object may be the forgetting of any unimportant details or parts. In this case, significant details and features come to the fore in the presentation. At the same time, the representation loses some individuality and becomes more generalized.

And finally, thirdly, the reason for schematization may be a conscious distraction from unimportant, or secondary, aspects of the object. A person consciously directs his attention to the essential, in his opinion, features and properties of an object and, as a result, reduces ideas to a certain scheme.

Emphasis is to emphasize the most significant, typical features of the image. As a rule, this method is used when creating artistic images. The main feature of this processing of images of perception into images of imagination is that, reflecting real reality and typifying it, an artistic image always gives a broad generalization, but this generalization is always reflected in a specific image. Moreover, the processing of ideas when creating a typical image is not accomplished by mechanical addition or subtraction of any features. The process of creating a typical image is a complex creative process and reflects certain individual characteristics of the person creating this image. [8, p.106]

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn: firstly, most often people differ in the degree of vividness of their imagination. In modern research, such a form of imagination as daydreams and daydreams is being actively studied - the independent creation of new images of what is desired. Significant differences between people are revealed regarding the nature of the dominant type of imagination. Despite the difficulty of determining the stages of development of imagination in humans, certain patterns in its formation can be identified. Thus, the first manifestations of imagination are closely connected with the process of perception, then with the appearance and mastery of speech, later with an increase in practical experience and the development of attention, and also the stage of development of imagination is associated with the appearance of its active forms.

Imagination is a person’s ability to construct new images by processing mental components acquired in past experience; the mental process of creating an image of an object or situation by restructuring existing ideas. The differentiation of imagination occurs primarily from the fact that people’s imagination is developed differently, and it manifests itself differently in their activities and social life. Individual characteristics of imagination are expressed in the fact that people differ in the degree of development of imagination and in the type of images with which they operate most often.

Imagination is the process of creating images of phenomena that are not perceived at the moment. Imagination plays a significant role both in the regulation of the processes of the human body and in the regulation of its motivated behavior.

Secondly, people most often differ in the degree of vividness of their imagination. In modern research, such a form of imagination as daydreams and daydreams is being actively studied - the independent creation of new images of what is desired. Significant differences between people are revealed regarding the nature of the dominant type of imagination. Despite the difficulty of determining the stages of development of imagination in humans, certain patterns in its formation can be identified. Thus, the first manifestations of imagination are closely connected with the process of perception, then with the appearance and mastery of speech, later with an increase in practical experience and the development of attention, and also the stage of development of imagination is associated with the appearance of its active forms.

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Essence and mechanism of action

Imagination is closely related to memory, attention, and thinking. Formed as a result of the emergence of social consciousness, to which a person turns in a problematic situation

Ability refers to cognitive processes that reflect objective reality. The basis of reflection is images of perception, memory, and representation.

If thinking explores the world in a general way, imagination allows you to create specific forms. The performance creates full-fledged pictures, based on reality or generated by fantasy. An individual invents without having any initial data, imagines phenomena that he has never seen. Intelligence is associated with imagination. The higher the level of intelligence, the more active the work of mental processes.

The essence of imagination is to create new images based on existing ones. The intensity and completeness of the result depends on experience and knowledge. Imagination arises in the process of work when the need to predict actions arises. By imagining images, an individual goes beyond reality, anticipates the result of work, and revives memories.

Age characteristics

Preschoolers

Children with creative thinking can be distinguished from the general crowd even in kindergarten. They don’t like to perform synchronous, identical movements with everyone else (for example, during morning exercises) and come up with their own. In the game, they take the initiative because they are simply bursting with ideas on how best to distribute roles and what to place where. However, other guys often don’t understand them, because they think in original images. Instead of eating an apple for an afternoon snack, they nibble it in such a way as to make some kind of figure.

However, it is not always possible to recognize the creative potential in a little person. They are often secretive, because they are too focused on their inner world and images. Drawing with a plot helps to identify the levels of creative thinking of preschoolers.

Typically, tests to determine the level of creative thinking are carried out in preschool children (5-6 years old), so that the data obtained can be used in the future - when studying at school.

Primary School

From grades 1 to 4, the creative thinking of younger schoolchildren is characterized by the following features:

• quickly solving educational problems (using non-standard methods);
• identifying potential in a specific area (music, literature, drawing, modeling);
• unusual judgments, your own view of the familiar world;
• refusal to perform template tasks according to the sample;
• inattention in class.

The main task of teachers and parents at this stage is to recognize the child’s creative potential and direct all efforts to its development. If the moment is missed in elementary school, these abilities may remain unrealized in the future. As psychologists say, this is where humanity loses the most great artists, musicians and poets.

In elementary school, it is also important to separate the “wheat from the chaff.” At this age, many children play out their fantasy and substitution of concepts occurs. Inspired by the tales of their talented child, parents begin to see in him a great writer who in the future will become an unsurpassed science fiction writer. In fact, these are fictions, most often based on computer games and films. There is no creativity or anything unique there. In psychology, imagination (closely related to creative thinking) and fantasy are completely different concepts.

Middle and senior management

In the middle and senior levels, creativity becomes much clearer. Teenagers are already capable of self-determination without the guidance of adults. Those whose creativity is off the scale occupy positions of leaders of various school and youth associations. The generation of unusual ideas, non-standard ways of solving problems and pressing tasks make them the center of everyone's attention. Others begin to express themselves in some narrow specialization - they become real stars of the local theater group or art studio.

At this age stage there are dangers. Closer to the age of 13, on the threshold of the teenage crisis, creative thinking can play a disservice. In an attempt to prove to everyone their adulthood and independence and due to youthful maximalism, such children begin to too clearly and ardently demonstrate their vision of the world - different from others. All this is accompanied by aggression and daring behavior. The support of parents who can direct all this in the right direction is of great importance here.

Examples from life.

People often imagine. Waking up early in the morning, a person mentally chooses clothes, combining his things in his head.

After leaving home, we think about the shortest route to work or school, taking into account weather changes or other conditions.

After a hard day's work, we figure out what to cook from the available ingredients.

But it’s not only in everyday life that we use our imagination. For example, during a renovation, we mentally arrange the furniture around the room and imagine what the room will look like after the renovation.

When a person is alone with his thoughts, a great imagination is activated. Being alone, you can penetrate to a deep level of imagination and find answers to all the answers that interest you.

How to develop your imagination

There are many ways to develop your imagination. They are created for both the smallest and adult people.

First, let's look at the functions of the cerebral hemispheres.

The left is responsible for logical thinking, education and analysis. It helps us understand the literal meaning of words and delve into the essence.

The right is responsible for intuition and imaginative thinking. And unlike the left, it can simultaneously consider the problem in different contexts. Helps to see and understand the problem as a whole.

Thanks to it, we can understand not only the literal meaning of what we hear or read. And if someone says: “It’s pouring like buckets,” the right hemisphere will tell you what they meant.

Development of imagination in schoolchildren

To develop the imagination of school-age children, you can watch an unfamiliar TV program. Watch the beginning with sound, then turn off the sound and try to understand the meaning.

Children's images are very different from those of an adult. A child’s fantasies are filled with special emotionality, and therefore are capable of influencing the child’s psyche. It is worth understanding this in order to prevent the development of psychological disorders against the background of excessive imagination

It will be difficult at first, but then you will get used to it and realize that it can be fun. You will begin to guess the plot of the film without sound and will develop your imagination well.

Development of imagination in preschool children

If you are the parent of a preschool-age child, then you are most likely interested in reading about how to develop their imagination. Invite your child to play a game: put several objects in front of him, ask him to remember them and close his eyes.

Next, remove one item. After the child opens his eyes, ask: “What’s missing?” and ask to describe this item. This will not only develop imagination, but also improve memory.

Imagination in adults

It is quite difficult to develop imagination in an adult. Most of these types of skills are developed in childhood. But if you try really hard, you will have a chance to improve your imagination.

Imagine something that has never existed on earth. For example, a bird the size of an airplane, a time portal, or magical armor. Think about what material this thing would be made of, what sounds it would make, its color, its smell.

Basically, the methods of developing imagination are universal for all ages.

What is creative imagination

Creative imagination is a type of imagination in which a person independently creates new images and ideas that are of a certain value. These ideas can be embodied in specific products of creative activity.

Also close to creative imagination and useful in the process of creative thinking is reconstructive imagination. Recreating imagination is the creation of images of objects that were not previously perceived by a person in a complete form, although he was already familiar with similar objects or their individual elements. In this case, the knowledge that a person already has about these objects is used, which determines the predominantly reproductive nature of the created images. At the same time, these images are distinguished from memory representations by a great diversity, flexibility and dynamism of elements. Simply put, the reconstructive imagination, unlike the creative one, is more consciously based on previous experience.

The peculiarity of imagination in the creative process is that it is imagination that is difficult to control when creating something new. If at the previous stages it was possible to describe an almost exact algorithm of actions, then the last stage should rely specifically on a person’s ability for creative imagination and associative thinking, you can read about the latter in a special lesson on memory development.

Forms of imagination

• Agglutination. It is a kind of fusion of images of various properties of objects. All mythical creatures are based on this technique: centaur, mermaid, etc. Agglutination appears as a result of combining individual characteristics and forming a mixed image.
• Emphasis. Manifests itself in deliberate exaggeration, focusing attention on any particular feature of a literary or mythical character. For example, a boy the size of a little finger was so tiny that his height could be compared to his little finger.
• Hyperbolization. Increasing or reducing an object to the maximum size by imagination, thereby achieving the effect of absurdity. Hyperbolization often emphasizes the character of a character and forces the reader to make his own assumptions about why this happened.
• Typing. Even the most creative image is created according to a certain type. Schematization facilitates the process of creating a picture of an object with the imagination and simplifies its perception. Essential features are taken as a basis, and a holistic image is built on their essence.
• Schematization. Helps to build a new image based on existing ideas of a particular subject. The general scheme is built by highlighting similar features and transferring them to other objects.
• Exacerbation. It consists of deliberately emphasizing individual features of objects.
• Transfer of features. It can manifest itself in the creation of non-existent objects, mythical and fantastic creatures, inanimate objects and endowing them with signs of life.
• Imagination techniques influence the modeling of individual reality, the creation of high-quality images that did not previously exist. The whole effect is achieved with the help of imagination.

Cognitive sphere

Creative thinking is closely related to all human cognitive abilities.

Memory

People capable of creativity have specific types of memory. Musicians - auditory, artists - visual, choreographers - motor, tasters - gustatory, sculptors - tactile, etc. And absolutely all of them have figurative and associative memory. Ordinary people, when solving a problem, use only the original material. Creative people draw on all their past experience for this, which, it would seem, is completely unrelated to the problem. Psychologists call this “high memory availability.”

Attention and concentration

Creative people are often considered distracted and unfocused. In most cases this is true. They are simply too busy with their personal perception of the environment and are not motivated to simultaneously be interested in something else. For example, at a meeting they may not listen at all to the boss’s report on summing up the results for the past quarter. At this moment, they imagine a wise eagle owl in his place (associations are triggered) or they transfer him to the shore of the azure sea and make him an animator (desired instead of actual). But when they are passionate about the creative process, they can work for hours without being distracted by anything. Neither extraneous sounds nor hunger can disturb them. Psychologists call this complete immersion and involvement.

Perception

Creative people perceive the world differently than everyone else. They are able to see in everyday things and phenomena something that pushes the boundaries of what is familiar and permissible. Only for them, Malevich’s “Black Square” is pure art in all its beauty. They are the ones who come up with household life hacks: cleaning the soles of shoes with a toothbrush, collecting mercury from the floor with tape and growing seedlings in eggshells.

Imagination

Creative thinking is impossible without imagination. Of all the cognitive abilities, they have the most visible connection. Only through the reproduction of images and associations in the mind is a person able to create something new, creative, unusual, unlike anything else.

Intelligence

There is no single answer yet as to how intelligence and creative thinking are interconnected. Many talented people who created priceless masterpieces of art had an IQ below average. But there are also those for whom it has gone off scale. The situation is exactly the same on the other side: people with high intelligence do not always have creative potential. This is especially noticeable at school. Excellent students, as a rule, are not good at music, drawing, and applied activities. But there are exceptions when a child is talented in literally everything, demonstrating high performance in both criteria.

Many tend to explain this by the convergence and divergence of thought processes. The table will clearly demonstrate what it is.

It turns out that creative thinking is the basis of the thinking of the divergent, and not the convergent.

Imagination and the desire to achieve

The first three years of life, a child is under the influence of direct impressions from objects accessible to perception. Then imagination is formed - the ability to mentally see missing objects and situations of manipulating them, transform them, desire or be afraid.

From this point on, two trends emerge. One is to persistently master the objects presented in the imagination - get a coveted toy, a trip to the zoo, a favorite pastime. Another is to give up achievement and make do with imagination. Their balance depends on the family environment and the already established personality traits of the child.

Functions and role

Tasks:

1. Conveying reality through fantasy. Representation helps to reproduce seen phenomena and objects, remember them, and use them to transform reality.
2. Regulation of behavior. When faced with a problematic situation, an individual can predict a program of action. Having selected a scenario, it adjusts the behavior according to the desired outcome.
3. Managing emotions. In an excited emotional state, a person can use his imagination to relieve tension by imagining calming images.

The inability to plan causes frustration: the individual cannot start work, postponing until later. People with undeveloped imagination cannot concentrate even on urgent matters. They themselves don’t understand what’s stopping them.

Briefly about the properties

Imagination is significant not only for scientists and artists, but also in the life of absolutely every person, as it has the following properties :

1. Relieves nervous tension in the process of mentally satisfying human needs, smoothes out the consequences of conflict situations that arise during social interactions.
2. Provides assistance in solving various practical problems while mentally elaborating various options for action.
3. Anticipates the future , allowing you to plan steps to achieve certain goals.
4. Regulates the psychophysiological activity of the body, adjusts it to perform certain tasks, increases concentration when performing various types of activities.

Development methods

In the modern world, creative people are in great demand. That's why there are trainings and seminars on developing imagination.

Such exercises are designed not only for children, but also for adults.

Brief recommendations for the formation of imagination allow parents to help children improve their skills. To begin with, adults must create a sensory environment, i.e. introduce the child to different objects and phenomena. The baby should actively play and talk with peers. It is oral speech that contributes to the emergence of abstract thinking.

Important! We need to support any creative endeavors: drawing, playing music, sculpting, etc. Adults can develop their imagination too

To do this, they should constantly train. For example, come up with new properties for an existing item or try to come up with something from scratch

Adults can develop their imagination too. To do this, they should constantly train. For example, come up with new properties for an existing item or try to come up with something from scratch.

Knowing the exact characteristics of imagination and the characteristics of its manifestation, any person can develop this type of mental activity. Additionally, you can count in your head, read books, watch movies and learn to analyze your environment.

The more sensory experience a person has, the higher the likelihood of fantasies. Meditation and other trance techniques can help. It is useful to recreate the past day every day before going to bed. With regular practice you will be able to achieve good results.

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General characteristics of imagination and its functions Human consciousness is capable of not only storing information about objects, but also performing various operations with it. Man emerged from the animal kingdom because he learned to create complex tools. But in order to create a stone axe, you first had to create it in your imagination. Man differs from animals in that he is able to create in his mind an image of an object or phenomenon that does not yet exist, and then brings it to life. After all, in order to transform the world in practice, you first need to be able to transform it mentally. This ability to construct new images in one’s thoughts is called imagination. The process of imagination is manifested in a person’s creation of something new - new images and thoughts, on the basis of which new actions and objects arise. Imagination is part of the individual’s consciousness, one of the cognitive processes. It reflects the outside world in a unique and unique way; it allows you to program not only future behavior, but also work with images of the past. Imagination is a process of creative transformation of ideas that reflect reality, and the creation on this basis of new ideas that were not previously available. In addition to this, there are other definitions of imagination. For example, it can be defined as the ability to imagine an absent (at the moment or generally in reality) object, hold it in consciousness and mentally manipulate it. Sometimes the term “fantasy” is used as a synonym, which denotes both the process of creating something new and the final product of this process. Therefore, in psychology the term “imagination” has been adopted, denoting only the procedural side of this phenomenon. Imagination differs from perception in two ways: - the source of emerging images is not the external world, but memory; - it corresponds less to reality, since it always contains an element of fantasy. Functions of imagination: 1 Representation of reality in images, which makes it possible to use them when performing operations with imaginary objects. 2 Formation of an internal action plan (creating an image of a goal and finding ways to achieve it) in conditions of uncertainty. 3 Participation in the voluntary regulation of cognitive processes (memory management). 4 Regulation of emotional states (in auto-training, visualization, neuro-linguistic programming, etc.). 5 The basis for creativity - both artistic (literature, painting, sculpture) and technical (invention) 6 Creation of images that correspond to the description of an object (when a person tries to imagine something he has heard or read about). 7 Producing images that do not program, but replace activity (pleasant dreams replacing boring reality). Types of imagination: Depending on the principle underlying the classification, different types of imagination can be distinguished (Fig. 10.1):

Classification of imagination Characteristics of individual types of imagination Active imagination (intentional) - the creation by a person of his own free will of new images or ideas, accompanied by certain efforts (a poet is looking for a new artistic image to describe nature, an inventor sets a goal to create a new technical device, etc.). Passive imagination (unintentional) - in this case, a person does not set himself the goal of transforming reality, and images spontaneously arise on their own (this type of mental phenomena includes a wide range of phenomena, ranging from dreams to an idea that suddenly and unplannedly arose in the mind of the inventor). Productive (creative) imagination is the creation of fundamentally new ideas that do not have a direct model, when reality is creatively transformed in a new way, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated. Reproductive (recreating) imagination is the creation of an image of objects or phenomena according to their description, when reality is reproduced from memory as it is. Characteristics of certain types of imagination: Dreams can be classified as passive and involuntary forms of imagination. According to the degree of transformation of reality, they can be either reproductive or productive. Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov called dreams “an unprecedented combination of experienced impressions,” and modern science believes that they reflect the process of transferring information from operative to long-term memory. Another point of view is that in a person’s dreams many vital needs are expressed and satisfied, which, for a number of reasons, cannot be realized in real life.

Hallucinations are passive and involuntary forms of imagination. According to the degree of transformation of reality, they are most often productive. Hallucinations are fantastic visions that have no obvious connection with the reality around a person. Hallucinations are usually the result of some kind of mental disorder or the effect of drugs or drugs on the brain.

Dreams , unlike hallucinations, are a completely normal mental state, which is a fantasy associated with a desire, most often a somewhat idealized future. This is a passive and productive type of imagination.

A dream differs from a dream in that it is more realistic and more feasible. Dreams are a type of active forms of imagination. According to the degree of transformation of reality, dreams are most often productive. Features of a dream: - When dreaming, a person always creates an image of what he wants. “It is not directly included in human activity and does not immediately produce practical results. — A dream is aimed at the future, while some other forms of imagination work with the past. — The images that a person creates in his dreams are distinguished by their emotional richness, bright character, and at the same time, by a lack of understanding of specific ways to realize the dream. Dreams and daydreams occupy a fairly large part of a person's time, especially in youth. For most people, dreams are pleasant thoughts about the future. Some also experience disturbing visions that give rise to feelings of anxiety, guilt, and aggressiveness. Mechanisms for processing ideas into imaginary images. The creation of imaginary images is carried out using several methods: Agglutination - “folding”, “gluing” of various parts that are incompatible in everyday life. An example is the classic character of fairy tales - the centaur, the Serpent-Gorynych, etc.

Hyperbolization is a significant increase or decrease in an object or its individual parts, which leads to qualitatively new properties. An example is the following fairy-tale and literary characters: the giant Homeric Cyclops, Gulliver, Little Thumb. Accentuation - highlighting a characteristic detail in the created image (friendly cartoon, caricature).