Often, under the guise of external well-being, people hide dissatisfaction with themselves and life in general, a high level of anxiety and uncertainty about the future. In psychology, this state is called neuroticism or neuroticism from the Greek. neuron – nerve, vein.
Neuroticism is a common phenomenon in the human population
Self-esteem test
The final test authored by Professor Eysenck “Self-assessment of mental states.” This technique is intended for self-assessment of the personal state of the psyche on four scales: Rigidity, Aggression, Frustration, Anxiety. (see table for full description).
The test will ask you questions describing various mental states. Depending on how much this condition is inherent in you, select the answer: “Often”, “Rarely”, “Never”.
After passing the test, you will receive the sum of points on all 4 scales + the corresponding transcript.
Good luck with your testing and good results!
Famous test author
Hans Eysenck (HJ Eysenck)
- world-renowned scientist, psychologist and psychotherapist. In 1916 he was born in Berlin. He later left Germany due to disagreement with the Hitler regime.
Hans Eysenck's main areas of scientific research were in the field of personality theory, intelligence research, social attitudes, behaviorist genetics and behavioral psychotherapy. He treated the study and research of psychology as a natural science and criticized humanistic and psychodynamic approaches for their subjective nature.
His psychological test for extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism, created by Hans Eysenck together with his wife Sibylla in 1968, became quite famous for his work.
History of the test
Eysenck's research in terms of temperament types dates back to the first half of the 20th century. The first questionnaire he compiled appeared in 1947 and was aimed at identifying neuroticism. The questionnaire was compiled by borrowing statements from other tests. You either had to agree with the statements or not.
After this, a second test questionnaire appeared in 1956. It already examined two traits: neuroticism and extraversion/introversion. It also added points to determine the level of sincerity of the subject. The next questionnaire consisted of a larger number of questions, but did not differ in assessment criteria, and only in the last version of the test did another criterion appear - psychoticism, which reveals signs of inadequacy.
Often, during a routine examination using the Eysenck test, they resort to the third form of the questionnaire without assessing psychoticism. To identify temperament, extraversion, neuroticism and the level of sincerity are sufficient.
Diagnostics
There is a so-called neuroticism test. It includes 24 questions that must be answered “Yes” or “No”. Up to 11 positive answers are considered the normal limit, more than 12 is already confirmation of the presence of a neurotic condition. A high level of neuroticism is when the answer to most of the questions asked was “yes.”
The Eysenck test will be able to better convey a person’s internal experiences and preferences. The test contains 57 questions that will help determine your temperament and stress resistance.
Neuroticism and extraversion are the most common combination, which is important when adjusting the psycho-emotional background
Description of scales
Extroversion - introversion
Characterizing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, and the need for contacts. He acts under the influence of the moment, is impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, and cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions are not strictly controlled, and he is prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.
A typical introvert is a quiet, shy, introjective person who is prone to introspection. Reserved and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and thinks about his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. He controls his feelings and is not easily angered. He is pessimistic and highly values moral standards.
Neuroticism
Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of nervous system lability. Emotional stability is a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior and situational focus in normal and stressful situations. Characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership and sociability. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality and impulsiveness; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, tendency to irritability. A neurotic personality is characterized by inappropriately strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale may develop neurosis in unfavorable stressful situations.
The results on the extraversion and neuroticism scales are presented using a coordinate system. The interpretation of the results obtained is carried out on the basis of the psychological characteristics of the individual corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of expression of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained.
Psychoticism
This scale indicates a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inappropriate emotional reactions, high conflict, lack of contact, self-centeredness, selfishness, and indifference. According to Eysenck, high scores on extraversion and neuroticism correspond to a psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria, and high scores on introversion and neuroticism correspond to a state of anxiety or reactive depression. Neuroticism and psychoticism, in the case of the severity of these indicators, are understood as a “predisposition” to the corresponding types of pathology.
Personality typology
According to Eysenck
Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, Eysenck hypothesizes that strong and weak types, according to Pavlov, are very close to extroverted and introverted personality types. The nature of introversion and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
Thus, using survey data on the scales of extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, it is possible to derive indicators of personality temperament according to the classification of Pavlov, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the basic properties of the central nervous system is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong, unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).
"Pure" sanguine person
quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly gets along with people, and is sociable. Feelings arise and change easily, emotional experiences are usually shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not sufficiently regulate his impulses, and does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, or work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out work that requires an equal expenditure of effort, prolonged and methodical tension, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, and creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
Choleric
characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, and vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by a task, he tends to act with all his might and become more exhausted than he should. Having public interests, his temperament shows initiative, energy, and integrity. In the absence of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, lack of restraint, hot temper, and inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.
Phlegmatic person
characterized by a relatively low level of behavioral activity, new forms of which are developed slowly but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. A persistent and persistent “worker of life”, he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to emotions, having calculated his strength, gets things done to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, and does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy and doesn’t waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thoughts, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform just habitual actions.
Melancholic.
His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; there is depth and stability of feelings with weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic person (give up). He is characterized by restraint and subdued motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, and indecisiveness. Under normal conditions, a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person who can be a good worker and successfully cope with life’s tasks. Under unfavorable conditions, he can turn into a closed, fearful, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.
According to Sukhodolsky
On the other hand, as a rule, one should talk about the predominance of certain temperamental traits, since in life they are rarely found in their pure form. That is why G.V. Sukhodolsky believes that it is necessary to distinguish not four (“pure” types - this is an abstraction), but nine personality types: the norm and eight accentuations. In addition to the four “pure” types G.V. Sukhodolsky proposed four “intermediate” ones:
- choleric-sanguine (i.e. “pure” extroverted in combination with an average score of neuroticism)
- sanguine-phlegmatic, (i.e. “stable” type combined with extraversion-introversion ambivalence)
- phlegmatic-melancholic, (i.e. “pure” introverted in combination with an average neuroticism score)
- melancholic-choleric, (i.e. “neurotic” type combined with extraversion-introversion ambivalence)
- normal type.
According to G.V. Sukhodolsky, the typology of G. Eysenck, can be represented in the form of a matrix, the rows of which characterize the orientation (introversion; average values; extraversion), the columns correspond to the levels of emotional stability (neuroticism; average values; stability), and the elements - statistically normal and deviating types .
Each personality type corresponds to the following external manifestations:
- Choleric (X)
– aggressive, hot-tempered, changing his views/impulsive. - Choleric-sanguine (CS) type
– optimistic, active, extroverted, sociable, accessible. - Sanguine (S)
– talkative, quick to react, relaxed, lively. - Sanguine-phlegmatic (SP) type
– carefree, leading, stable, calm, balanced. - Phlegmatic (F)
– reliable, self-controlled, peaceful, reasonable. - The phlegmatic-melancholic (FM) type
is diligent, passive, introverted, quiet, uncommunicative. - Melancholic (M)
– reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid. - Melancholic-choleric (MX) type
– conscientious, capricious, neurotic, touchy, restless. - Normal type (N)
.
What does the resulting index mean?
If you passed only one test, write down the number of points you received and the corresponding IQ level that the program gave you and find its value in the table.
| IQ level | % of people | Description |
| less than 20 | 0,20% | People with severe forms of mental retardation. As a rule, they are practically untrainable, cannot take care of themselves and are under constant care. |
| from 21 to 50 | 2% | These are people with a moderate form of dementia. They are unable to learn, but can take care of themselves quite successfully. |
| from 51 to 70 | 7% | Mild form of mental retardation. They can study in special institutions and can successfully take care of themselves. |
| from 71 to 80 | 10% | People with mild mental retardation. Most often, they do not study in special institutions, but graduate from regular schools, albeit with low grades. |
| from 81 to 90 | 10% | Intelligence is below average. These people most often study normally in secondary educational institutions, however, they rarely receive higher education and work in areas related to manual labor. |
| from 91 to 100 | 25% | Average IQ. Such people successfully graduate from school, enter universities, work in average positions not related to science, mathematics, etc. |
| from 101 to 110 | 25% | Average IQ. Such people can graduate from any university and achieve certain heights in science and business in middle management positions. |
| from 111 to 120 | 12% | Above average intelligence. Such people study throughout their lives and, depending on their hard work, can achieve significant heights. |
| from 121 to 130 | 6% | High intelligence. These are people with good mental abilities, as a rule, excellent students at school and college. |
| from 131 to 140 | 3% | Very high intelligence. Extraordinary individuals capable of achieving excellent success in business and science. Outstanding scientists, artists, etc. |
| above 140 | 0,20% | These people are usually called geniuses. They are extremely extraordinary and outstanding personalities; examples include Bill Gates and Steve Hawking. |
Why is a temperament test needed?
In order to learn to understand yourself and people, determine the reasons for their behavior and actions, and sometimes even predict them, it is important to know what the human psyche is. In this sense, studying temperament helps a lot
As already mentioned, it is given from birth, does not change throughout life and is a combination of various properties of the nervous system. A person can more easily make a choice in favor of a profession, understand the actions of other people and establish relationships with them, and also better understand himself and his needs if he knows his temperament.
What the test will tell you
The Eysenck test will help you determine the stability of your nervous system, understand which of the properties is your main feature - introversion or extroversion; and will also reveal your level of conflict, a possible tendency to violate norms of behavior and asociality, and, if you look at it globally, a tendency to certain mental illnesses that are directly related to these qualities. Also, the PEN questionnaire can reveal your main type of temperament.
Definition of neuroticism: what is it according to Eysenck, what threatens a high level on the scale
Often, under the guise of external well-being, people hide dissatisfaction with themselves and life in general, a high level of anxiety and uncertainty about the future. In psychology, this state is called neuroticism or neuroticism from the Greek. neuron – nerve, vein.
Neuroticism is a common phenomenon in the human population
What is neuroticism
Neuroticism in psychology is not a mental disorder, not a disease. It should not be identified with neurosis. Symptoms of neuroticism can also be observed in a healthy person, being specific personality traits. Its three main components are a feeling of vulnerability, insecurity, increased excitability and excessive emotionality.
In the broadest sense of the word, neuroticism is an inability for emotional self-regulation, an inability to cope with one’s negative feelings. A person with a high level of neuroticism is often completely overwhelmed by pessimism, fear, irritation and anxiety in response to the most insignificant events. At the same time, he is completely unable to use these states to resolve the problems that have arisen.
In fact, any event, even a positive one, will cause negative experiences in a neurotic. For example, finding a marriage partner will be overshadowed by fears about his possible loss, concluding a profitable business contract will be marred by a premonition of failure and the resulting financial difficulties.
Note! The experiences of a person with severe neuroticism often do not correspond to reality. The emergence of negative emotions is associated not only with real undesirable events, but also with general pessimism and a low level of adaptability of his psyche.
A neurotic person tends to exaggerate the scale of the disaster
At the physical level, neuroticism can manifest itself in an increase in the number of somatic complaints (migraines, pain in the heart and stomach, sleep disturbances, attacks of limb tremors).
Causes of Neuroticism
Archetype - what is it in psychology and philosophy
Neuroticism is considered not only a genetically determined property of the psyche. An impressive number of studies indicate the presence of its precursors in childhood.
A person who regularly experienced feelings of insecurity and helplessness in childhood is more likely to develop a high level of neuroticism.
Being exposed to the slightest stress in adulthood, such a person will involuntarily fall into a childish state and re-experience all the horror of a small and defenseless child in the face of dangers.
Consequences of high levels of neuroticism
Depression - what is it in psychology
Neuroticism is considered in psychology as one of the leading causes of the development of various forms of psychopathology: anxiety disorders, chemical addictions, somatic diseases, eating disorders. Clinically significant episodes of anxiety and depressive mood represent the overlap of stressors with neuroticism as a personality trait.
Substance abuse is often an attempt to manage high levels of neuroticism. Also, a number of physical diseases (cardiovascular pathologies, eczema, dermatitis, irritable bowel syndrome) are associated with this mental characteristic.
A high level of neuroticism negatively affects a person’s mental and physical health
Additional Information. A high level of neuroticism affects the occurrence of somatic diseases both directly and indirectly. On the one hand, it weakens the body’s protective function, contributing to the development of such conditions. On the other hand, neuroticism makes you exaggerate the importance of physical diseases and respond inadequately to their treatment.
Severe neuroticism leads to a decrease in quality of life in general.
This is one of the factors that negatively affects a person’s ability to work due to his constant emotional concern, distraction, mental and physical exhaustion.
A high degree of neuroticism can lead to the destruction of significant social connections, as it often causes dissatisfaction with relationships and attacks of unmotivated hostility.
When is Neuroticism Treatment Necessary?
In psychiatry, neuroticism is not considered a pathological disorder. However, the neurotic himself may feel the need for psychological correction during periods of emotional instability. Pharmacology relieves anxiety well. However, the pills can reduce the level of neuroticism only for the duration of their effect.
The best long-term results can be achieved with a combination of psychotherapy and medication. In the fight against neuroticism, the Unified Protocol, developed by a prominent American specialist in the field of psychiatry, David Barlow, within the framework of the cognitive-behavioral approach, has proven itself well.
Source: https://srazu.pro/teoriya/nejrotizm-v-psixoloii.html
Causes
Psychologists recognize that the causes of increased neuroticism are unmet needs. In addition to basic biological needs, social ones are also taken into account. One of these is the need for dominance - people need success, power, superiority.
These desires sometimes cannot be satisfied. For example, a small child often feels helpless and defenseless compared to adults, and this feeling may become entrenched in the future. Then the adult continues to experience helplessness and anxiety.
This results in an inferiority complex, a feeling of guilt, and the level of neuroticism increases. At first, people simply do not pay attention to such manifestations.
However, if corrective measures are not taken in time, the person’s condition becomes more severe and the quality of life deteriorates.
Symptoms
Neuroticism is a personality trait, not a psychological illness, so it cannot be said to have symptoms in the medical sense. If these signs appear in a mild form, that is, accompanied by some internal discomfort and external calm, one cannot speak of a disease. It was just that a certain situation brought him out of his emotional balance.
But neurosis in severe form is already a reason to worry, since it is a disease that leads to both psychological and physical manifestations.
Even if you or your loved ones only have the first type of neuroticism, it is worth knowing the symptoms that may indicate a more serious stage:
- Studying poorly at school and university.
- It is difficult to start something new, or rather, to stop the old one. Changes are very frightening, therefore, with neuroticism, a person does not leave his unloved job or his significant other for a long time, even if he knows the need for this.
- Problems in the intimate sphere: there is no trust between lovers, so it is difficult to open up and enjoy the process.
- Feeling dizzy and experiencing pain in the temporal region.
- A person is constantly looking for diseases - this is a concern for one’s own physical and psychological health, which is unfounded.
- There are constant fears: that he will be late somewhere, that he will miss something or forget, that he will not turn off the kettle, iron, gas, or turn off the water.
- Pressure surges.
- Fatigue. Often after sleep, a neurotic does not feel well-rested.
- Increased irritability to sounds (ticking clocks) and light - blinking indicator light on a monitor or TV.
- The desire to be alone with yourself.
- Many signs of self-doubt.
- Inability to admit one's own guilt or mistakes.
Constant fear, like other symptoms, manifests itself to varying degrees in different people. It mainly depends on the strength of the individual. Strong people try to overcome fears and not show them.
While the weak express them constantly. For this reason, neurotik often tries to attract attention, talks about his exaggerated troubles, fictitious diseases, and wants to be pitied.
He doesn’t like to listen, but he himself is happy to talk about problems.
Psychologist Daria Milai
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Neuroticism as a consequence of brain characteristics
Eysenck believed that neuroticism is directly related to the activity of the limbic system and the production of the hormone serotonin. Persons with a neurotic character have it in greater quantities, which is the initiator of the onset of symptoms.
The main condition for the emergence of neuroticism is the genetic component. Moreover, in such people there is a pronounced predominance of the sympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system over the parasympathetic.
Psychological component
Psychology says that a patient with neuroticism is dependent on public opinion. For him, someone else's opinion is more important than his own principles.
Who are neurotics?
- Individuals who are constantly afraid of making mistakes and not living up to other people's expectations. They are afraid of society's condemnation.
- They cannot stand criticism and need encouragement and gratitude. When receiving a remark, they perceive it as a betrayal. Most jealous people are observed among neurotics, since they constantly suspect their partner of infidelity, even without any reason.
- The immersion in trouble is very deep and it is not always possible to cope with negative emotions on your own. He needs to feel attention from others, as he cannot tolerate loneliness.
Neurosis in children
Neurotic habits are cultivated by parents and educators in childhood. Many agreed that the majority of psychological problems arise in childhood. How? Here's an example:
A two-year-old runs through puddles with an absolutely satisfied face. Instead of explaining that the shoes will get wet, and then the feet will become wet and cold, which is why the baby can freeze and get sick, the mother simply says in a dissatisfied voice, “Well, what are you doing.”
Thus, the child does not develop cause-and-effect relationships, but only becomes aware that he is wrong. With age, he will only cultivate these traits in himself. Analyze the favorite phrases of mothers and educators: “How are you dressed!”, “What are you saying.”
And if “training” is accompanied by physical punishment or loud screaming, then constant fear is added to dissatisfaction with oneself and uncertainty.
Therefore, let’s say this: the neurotic type is not a congenital “diagnosis”, but an acquired one. It does not appear at one, two, or three years, but sometimes has its first manifestations at 5-6 years. Why it is so important to behave correctly with children, I will tell you below using examples of what can happen to him in adulthood.
What can be done?
Neuroticism is not a mental disorder, but a feature of the human psyche. Most people in a stressful situation are characterized by such manifestations as uncertainty, anxiety, and anxiety. When the level of neuroticism is high, this can complicate an individual’s life and negatively affect relationships with others.
Source: https://brain-master.ru/terminy/nejrotizm-eto.html
This is interesting
Interesting fact! The studies that formed the basis of the future test were conducted on neurotic soldiers.
Extraversion
- Typical extrovert. Open and sociable, he feels the need to be in society, where he is highly active. Positive emotions predominate, control of feelings is reduced.
- Typical introvert. A closed person with little contact with people who prefers the inner world to the outside world. He loves introspection, which is why he is serious when making decisions, prefers not to take risks. The emotional background is directed towards the negative, but it is very difficult to anger an introvert.
Neuroticism
- Sustainability. Characterized by the ability to adapt to various changes, to achieve one’s goal without reacting to surrounding stimuli. Such a person rarely worries or fears the future. Characterized by reduced emotionality.
- Lability. Poor level of adaptation to change, as well as constant worry and fear. Expressed in rapid mood swings and poor control of feelings. It is easy to lead such a person astray from the intended path.
Temperament types
Based on this test, the following types of temperaments are distinguished:
- Choleric. This is an extrovert with increased emotional lability. Despite his aggressiveness and irritability, he is an optimist;
- Sanguine. Also an extrovert, however, there are no mood swings. Such a person is cheerful and sociable. Solves any problems without much energy expenditure;
- Melancholic. Introverted, but emotionally unstable. He is pessimistic and is the complete opposite of a choleric. They react passively to a stressful stimulus, tearfulness is noted;
- Phlegmatic person. Also an introvert, but with a stable emotional background. He is stable, peaceful, unhurried. He reacts weakly to failures, “doesn’t want to waste his nerves on it.”
It should be noted that temperaments never occur in their pure form. In modern society there are many variations; with the help of the Eysenck test, only the dominant component can be identified.
1. Extroverts. Such people are usually focused on the external environment. They are distinguished by intolerance to monotony, impulsiveness, high response to pain, desire to be a leader, risk-taking, negligence, insufficient or absent self-control.
2. Introverts are people focused on their inner world. An introverted personality is the complete opposite of an extrovert. Such a person does not like to leave his comfort zone, does not take risks and lives according to his own schedule. Unlike an extrovert, he is more rational and very scrupulous in resolving issues, and experiences difficulties communicating with strangers and those whom he has known not so long ago. An introvert is distinguished by his ability to keep his feelings and emotions under control, as well as his lack of aggressiveness.
3. Neurotics - people who are in a constant state of anxiety, excessive excitability and tension, prone to depression.
Test procedure and results
The questionnaire consists of 57 statements, with each of which you can agree, disagree, or skip. Certain blocks of questions are aimed at assessing one criterion, but in order to assess sincerity and exclude intentional answers, all groups are mixed together. For each answer, points are awarded: “Yes” - 2 points, “No” - 0 points and “Don’t know” - 1 point. After this, based on knowledge of which statement characterizes which feature, scores are calculated for each criterion, that is, for extraversion, neuroticism and sincerity.
The test results are interpreted using a coordinate system, where the vertical axis is neuroticism and the horizontal axis is extraversion. The system looks like this:
In this way, a certain type of temperament is determined. However, Sukhodolsky proposed some clarification for this test, which is illustrated in the following system:
In the interpretation of the results according to Sukhodolsky, the type of temperament is determined more accurately, since the system contains borderline states.
The most commonly used results scale is developed by Eysenck, based on which the results should be perceived as follows:
- Choleric – strong, active, unbalanced;
- Sanguine – strong, active, balanced;
- Phlegmatic – strong, inactive (inert), balanced;
- Melancholic – weak, inactive, unbalanced.
Neuroticism or neurosis?
Neurosis is a complex phenomenon, and research suggests more than one explanation. However, it is different from neuroticism.
In basic terms, neurosis is a disorder involving obsessive thoughts or worry, while neuroticism is a personality trait that does not have the same negative impact on daily life as anxiety. In modern non-medical texts, the two concepts are often used with the same meaning, but this is imprecise.
The term "neurosis" is rarely used by modern psychologists because they consider it outdated and vague.
Characteristics of neurosis
Scientists do not agree on what neurosis is, although there are common features that have been studied for centuries.
Emotional instability: According to the German-British psychologist Hans Jürgen Eysenck (1916-1997), neurosis is defined by emotional instability.
No interference with rational thinking or ability to function: More recently, neurosis refers to mental disorders that do not interfere with rational thinking or a person's ability to function, even though they may cause distress.
caused by unpleasant experiences: According to Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the famous Austrian neurologist, founder of the discipline of psychoanalysis, neurosis is a strategy for coping with difficulties caused by unsuccessfully suppressed emotions from past experiences.
These emotions overwhelm or interfere with the current experience. He gave an example of an overwhelming fear of dogs that could result from being attacked by dogs at an early age.
Conflict between two mental events: Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) - Swiss psychiatrist, founder of analytical psychology. He believed that neurosis is a collision of conscious and unconscious events in the mind.
These positions regarding neurosis confirm that it is considered as a disease and is usually discussed with the aim of identifying the cause and treatment of the disease. Although a personality test can confirm that a person suffers from neuroticism, it is not a disease or condition and cannot be “cured.”
Interpretation of results
MPI
Extraversion:
- from 32 to 48 - “pure” extrovert
- from 16 to 32 - ambivalence, uncertainty
- from 0 to 16 - “pure” introvert
Neuroticism:
- from 32 to 48 - pronounced neuroticism
- from 16 to 32 - average score
- from 0 to 16 - emotional stability
Lie:
- more than 20 - absolute unreliability of the results
- from 16 to 20 - a dubious result
- from 5 to 15 points - reliable result
- 4 points or less - questionable result
EPI
Extraversion:
- over 19 - bright extrovert,
- over 15 - extrovert
- 12 - average value,
- less than 9 - introvert,
- less than 5 - deep introvert.
Neuroticism:
- more than 19 – very high level of neuroticism,
- more than 14 – high level of neuroticism,
- 9 - 13 - average value,
- less than 7 – low level of neuroticism.
Lie:
- more than 4 - insincerity in answers, which also indicates some demonstrative behavior and the subject’s focus on social approval,
- less than 4 is normal.
EPQ
Extraversion:
- more than 15 - “pure” extrovert
- from 7 to 15 - ambivalence, uncertainty
- from 0 to 6 - “pure” introvert
Neuroticism:
- more than 16 - pronounced neuroticism
- from 8 to 16 - average score
- from 0 to 7 - emotional stability
Psychoticism:
- more than 10 - working with people is contraindicated
- from 6 to 10 - there is a tendency towards emotional inadequacy
- from 0 to 5 - absent
Lie:
more than 10 - unreliable result
Processing the results
MPI key
Answers that match the key are scored 2 points, “I don’t know” - 1 point, and answers that do not match - 0 points.
| Scale | Direct statements | Converse statements |
| Extroversion - introversion | 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 21, 32, 40, 42, 43, 47, 51, 52, 55, 60, 70 | 1, 14, 20, 27, 37, 63, 66, 67 |
| Neuroticism | 4, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 38, 44, 46, 49, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62, 64, 68 | |
| Lie scale | 5, 12, 19, 29, 35, 39, 56, 65 | 8, 15, 22, 26, 31, 41, 45, 48, 50, 53, 61, 69 |
EPI Key
Answers that match the key are worth 1 point.
| Scale | Direct statements | Converse statements |
| Extroversion - introversion | 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56 | 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51 |
| Neuroticism | 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57 | |
| Lie scale | 6, 24, 36 | 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54 |
EPQ key
Answers that match the key are worth 1 point.
| Scale | Direct statements | Converse statements |
| Extroversion - introversion | 1, 5, 10, 15, 18, 26, 34, 38, 42, 50, 54, 58, 62, 65, 70, 74, 77, 81, 90, 92, 96 | 22, 30, 46, 84 |
| Neuroticism | 3, 7, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, 75, 79, 83, 86, 89, 94, 98 | |
| Psychoticism | 14, 23, 27, 31, 35, 47, 51, 55, 71, 85, 88, 93, 97 | 2, 6, 9, 11, 19, 39, 43, 59, 63, 67, 78, 100 |
| Lie scale | 13, 21, 33, 37, 61, 73, 87, 99 | 4, 8, 17, 25, 29, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 66, 69, 76, 80, 82, 91, 95 |
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Having passed the temperament test, your inner self will appear before you in a new light. You will determine what your character really is, and this will help you find the most successful path in your life. Knowing the temperament of your family and friends will help you feel calm with your family and surrounded by work colleagues.
Also, employers are increasingly offering to take a temperament test during the employment process to identify exactly the kind of future employee who will be able to better adapt and get along in the workforce.
Take the temperament test right now on our website! Thanks to saving test results and registration, you can always re-read the results and they will not be lost!
Causes
The condition in question occurs when a person’s internal needs are not taken into account and are not satisfied. We are talking here not only about food, water, sex, but also about social “needs”. For example, about the desire to dominate. Some people feel more successful when they have power over others. The reasons for such “delusions” of grandeur must be sought in childhood - as a rule, the opinions of such children were not taken into account, and a different point of view was imposed.
Relatives usually perceive their relative or friend as an extremely excitable and emotional person, but they do not even realize that this is a psychological problem.
What is temperament?
Temperament is one of the most important innate characteristics of every person. It is he who determines the level of activity, energy, rhythm of life and emotionality, thanks to which a person forms his daily routine, chooses a profession and builds relationships with other people. There are several different questionnaires to determine the type of temperament, developed by different scientists, but the Eysenck test is rightfully considered the most effective.
The temperament tests of many authors are basically highly simplified and abbreviated versions of his questionnaire, and are characterized by greater error.
Childhood
Hans Jürgen Eysenck (German: Hans Jürgen Eysenck; March 4, 1916, Berlin - September 4, 1997, London) - British scientist-psychologist, one of the leaders of the biological direction in psychology, creator of the factor theory of personality, author of a popular intelligence test, founder of clinical psychology in Britain, the idea of genetic predestination.
His mother, Ruth Werner, shone on silent film screens under the pseudonym Helga Molander, and his father, Anton Edward Eysenck, combined singing and acting. At the age of three, he was left in the care of his maternal grandmother, because his parents separated. At that time he had complete freedom of action, and pranks were treated leniently. Thus, since childhood, Hans was famous for his rebellious behavior, which ultimately led him to success.
In his youth, he was interested in astrology and studied astrological charts in search of patterns that would contribute to the development of talent. He corresponded with many famous astrologers and even compiled charts for some Reichstag representatives, sending them by mail. In these letters he warned of complete collapse, but received no response.
Eysenck tests
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Eysenck tests
Eysenck's IQ tests were developed by the English and German psychologist and psychiatrist Hans Jürgen Eysenck.
Brief biography and scientific works
Hans Eysenck was born on March 4, 1916 in Berlin into a family of actors. He began receiving his education in private schools, planned to study physics, and was interested in astronomy. After the Nazis came to power, Eysenck left the country and moved to Great Britain where he entered the psychology department of the University of London. After graduating, he worked as an experimental psychologist at Mill Hill Hospital.
In 1946, Eysenck founded the Department of Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry at Maudsley and Beardslem Hospitals, headed it and directed it for almost 10 years. At this time, he worked with soldiers in hospitals and studied their mental state, identifying signs of neuroticism.
Since 1955, Eysenck was a professor of psychology at his Alma Mater, where he began to develop testing principles for measuring intelligence levels and began research on intellectual and mental differences between representatives of different races, which were unacceptable for more tolerant states. In addition, he creates a three-factor theory of personality.
Eysenck used the terms “extrovert” and “introvert” that are familiar to us today to characterize the degree of emotional reactions and arousal in response to stimuli, as well as a person’s ability to extinguish these reactions. And adding stability and neuroticism to these characteristics, he formulated the main personality factors by which one can judge the characteristics of a person and his tendency to various mental disorders.
In addition, using the example of numerous practical studies, together with his colleagues, Eysenck proved the influence of the factors he identified on a person’s choice of profession, predisposition to accidents and crime, level of aspirations and achievements in sports, career, and sexual behavior.
Test features
At the end of his life, Eysenck returned to the search for criteria for assessing intelligence and its relationship with hereditary factors and upbringing.
The tests he compiled are also called national tests, since they evaluate abilities from different angles: using verbal, digital and graphic material. Thus, if you are not very good at solving anagrams, but you are strong in mathematics, then the test will objectively show the level of your intellectual abilities.
There are three more special tests - for visual, mathematical and verbal abilities, with the help of which you can evaluate the work of the mind and intelligence even more fully and thoroughly.
Eysenck's classic group tests have 40 questions, you need to answer them within 40 minutes - a timer will help you navigate the time. The additional tests contain 50 questions, but you will only have 30 minutes to solve them.
The test is intended for adults from 18 to 50 years old, as in the classic IQ test, the result is measured relative to the average level of 100 points, a result of 70 most likely indicates mental retardation.
Try to take Eysenck's intelligence tests when you are at your best, in a good mood and rested. In this case, the result will not be distorted for the worse.
Good luck!
What is neuroticism
Neuroticism in psychology is not a mental disorder, not a disease. It should not be identified with neurosis. Symptoms of neuroticism can also be observed in a healthy person, being specific personality traits. Its three main components are a feeling of vulnerability, insecurity, increased excitability and excessive emotionality.
In the broadest sense of the word, neuroticism is an inability for emotional self-regulation, an inability to cope with one’s negative feelings. A person with a high level of neuroticism is often completely overwhelmed by pessimism, fear, irritation and anxiety in response to the most insignificant events. At the same time, he is completely unable to use these states to resolve the problems that have arisen.
In fact, any event, even a positive one, will cause negative experiences in a neurotic. For example, finding a marriage partner will be overshadowed by fears about his possible loss, concluding a profitable business contract will be marred by a premonition of failure and the resulting financial difficulties.
Note! The experiences of a person with severe neuroticism often do not correspond to reality. The emergence of negative emotions is associated not only with real undesirable events, but also with general pessimism and a low level of adaptability of his psyche.
A neurotic person tends to exaggerate the scale of the disaster
At the physical level, neuroticism can manifest itself in an increase in the number of somatic complaints (migraines, pain in the heart and stomach, sleep disturbances, attacks of limb tremors).
The meaning of the scales in the Eysenck test
Neuroticism
The “neuroticism” scale determines the personality trait expressed by emotional instability, anxiety and depression. Moreover, all these features manifest themselves both in ordinary daily activities and in stressful situations.
The presence of high values on this scale does not necessarily indicate the presence of neuroses in the subject; it allows for the possibility of their progression under prolonged stress and depression. If this test nevertheless reveals a high level of neuroticism in a person, such an individual is likely to be impressionable, impulsive, insecure, and with an unstable emotional component.
Psychoticism
This is a personality trait that is characterized by a number of behavioral characteristics, such as rich fantasy and vivid imagination, the ability to associate, originality, a subjective view of the world, detachment from reality, egocentrism and many others. High scores on the psychoticism scale can indicate increased conflict in a person, inappropriate behavior and inadequate emotional reaction to stimuli, and a tendency toward antisocial behavior.
Extraversion
Extraversion is a character trait that presupposes the orientation of a person and his experiences towards the outside world, other people, and interaction with them. A typical extrovert is sociable, impulsive in behavior, optimistic about the future, and at the same time ready to take risks.
Introversion
Introversion defines closed people who are immersed in their experiences, emotionally restrained, prefer to be at a distance from others, while having a very narrow circle of friends. An introvert tries not to take risks, trying to think through every step without making spontaneous decisions. Able to restrain impulsive manifestations, pessimistic.
Types of temperament
Taking into account these characteristics, classical types of temperament are distinguished: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric.
Thus, the original EPI methodology, aimed at determining the type of temperament, is accessible to anyone and is easy to interpret.
Choleric
It has the highest excitability, but at the same time a low level of inhibition of the nervous system. This makes him active, impulsive, sometimes hot-tempered and aggressive with constant mood swings. Speaks quickly with active gestures and facial expressions. Almost unable to control his emotions.
Melancholic
This species also has poor ability to control its emotions. They are extremely susceptible to external stimuli, very sensitive. But unlike choleric people, they are unsociable, withdrawn, conservative, and do not like change.
Sanguine
He is balanced and able to control his emotions. Able to quickly change activities, plans, interests, quickly adapts to new circumstances. If he is interested in any activity, he can be very active. The sanguine person is sociable, cheerful, but to some extent frivolous.
Phlegmatic person
People of this type are distinguished by amazing calm. It is very difficult to piss them off, to upset their emotional balance. Because of this, they have low ability to adapt, to engage in work and switch activities. From the outside it may seem that they are slow. Show restraint.
When is Neuroticism Treatment Necessary?
In psychiatry, neuroticism is not considered a pathological disorder. However, the neurotic himself may feel the need for psychological correction during periods of emotional instability. Pharmacology relieves anxiety well. However, the pills can reduce the level of neuroticism only for the duration of their effect.
The best long-term results can be achieved with a combination of psychotherapy and medication. In the fight against neuroticism, the Unified Protocol, developed by a prominent American specialist in the field of psychiatry, David Barlow, within the framework of the cognitive-behavioral approach, has proven itself well.
History of creation
The first MMQ personality questionnaire
MMQ
(Maudsley Medical Questionnaire, from the name of the clinic where Eysenck worked) - a technique proposed in 1947. It was intended to diagnose neuroticism. The questionnaire consists of 40 statements with which the subject is asked to agree (yes) or disagree (no).
Statements were selected from questionnaires already known by that time, and the author relied on clinical descriptions of neurotic disorders. The MMQ was standardized on the basis of a survey of two groups: “neurotics” (1 thousand people) and “normal” (1 thousand people). A detailed analysis of the responses received for each MMQ statement (taking into account differences in psychiatric diagnoses) showed that using the questionnaire, two types of neurotic disorders can be differentiated - hysterical and dysthymic. Based on these results, G. Eysenck suggested that the answers to the MMQ statements will make it possible to draw a conclusion about the position of the subject on the scale of another personality dimension postulated by this researcher - extraversion - introversion. This began work on the construction of a new personality questionnaire. As a result, the MMQ did not find any use in psychodiagnostic research.
Second MPI Personality Inventory
MPI
(Maudsley Personality Inventory) is a personality questionnaire published in 1956. It consists of two internal scales: extraversion-introversion and neuroticism, with 24 questions for each scale. Later, 2 empty “masking questions” and 20 questions were also added to form a scale of the subject’s sincerity. There are three answer options: Yes (2 points), Don't know (1 point) and No (0 points). Practical use of MPI has shown significant discrepancies between the data obtained and the author's theoretical predictions (especially in clinical groups).
Third Personality Inventory EPI
EPI
(Eysenck Personality Inventory) was published in 1963 and contains 57 questions, 24 of which are aimed at identifying extraversion-introversion, 24 others - at assessing emotional stability-instability (neuroticism), the remaining 9 constitute a control group of questions designed to assess the sincerity of the subject , its relationship to the survey and the reliability of the results.
G. Eysenck developed two versions of this technique (A and B), which differ only in the text of the questionnaire. The instruction, key and data processing are duplicated. The presence of two forms allows the psychologist to conduct repeated research.
Adapted in Russia by A.G. Shmelev.
EPQ Personality Questionnaire Four
EPQ
(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire) is the result of further research work by Hans and Sibylle Eysenck. The EPQ was created in 1968 based on the PEN (Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism) model proposed by the authors. Thus, a third factor, “psychoticism,” was added to the two-dimensional structure of the previous questionnaires, without changing the original “two-axis concept.
The EPQ consists of 91 statements, to which a further 10 “empty” statements can be added (items 92 to 101).
Content
- 1 Description of the technique
- 2 History of creation 2.1 The first MMQ personality questionnaire
- 2.2 Second MPI Personality Inventory
- 2.3 Third EPI Personality Inventory
- 2.4 EPQ Fourth Personality Questionnaire
- 4.1 MPI key
- 5.1 MPI
- 6.1 Extraversion - introversion
- 7.1 According to Eysenck
- 8.1 Text of the MPI questionnaire
Temperament test
The Eysenck Temperament Test or “EPI Personality Inventory” is a method for assessing personality based on three indicators: introversion, extraversion and neuroticism. The author understood these scales as innate indicators of the central nervous system, on which the character and temperament of any person depend.
Over the course of 20 years, the author refined his method several times. As a result, three versions of this methodology were developed: MMQ and MPI (40 questions) - outdated and EPI (57 questions) - updated modern. It is the latest version that we offer you to go online on our website.
Principles of assessment
As a result of passing the test, you can obtain data on the scales of neuroticism, extraversion, introversion and by marking the corresponding point on the graph - determine your type of temperament: choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguine.
- Inroversion-extraversion is a characteristic of temperament that determines the dependence of a person’s activity or reaction on external (extraversion) or internal (introversion) impressions.
- Neuroticism is a characteristic of temperament that characterizes the speed with which mental processes occur, as well as human reactions (gestures, facial expressions, rate of speech).
You can see a detailed table with descriptions of all four psychological types of temperament here.
Neurophysiological explanation of neuroticism
Self-control - what is it in psychology, definition
The level of neuroticism in an individual primarily depends on the innate characteristics of his sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which are functionally opposed to each other.
The sympathetic nervous system is activated in stressful situations. Causes what is called in psychology the “fight or flight” response. Leads to increased blood pressure, increased sweating, increased breathing and heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system eliminates the effects of the sympathetic nervous system and returns the body to a normal state.
The degree of severity of neuroticism depends on the innate characteristics of the nervous system
When, due to the innate characteristics of the body, the sympathetic nervous system works more actively, excitation occurs easily and quickly, and inhibition is delayed over time. As a result, a person acquires neurotic traits.
Theoretical basis
G. Eysenck, having analyzed the materials of a survey of 700 neurotic soldiers, came to the conclusion that the entire set of traits that describe a person can be represented through 2 main factors: extraversion (introversion) and neuroticism.
The first of these factors is biopolar and represents a characteristic of a person’s individual psychological make-up, the extreme poles of which correspond to the personality’s orientation either to the world of external objects (extraversion) or to the subjective inner world (introversion). It is generally accepted that extroverts are characterized by sociability, impulsiveness, behavioral flexibility, great initiative (but little persistence) and high social adaptability. Introverts, on the contrary, are characterized by unsociability, isolation, social passivity (with sufficient persistence), a tendency to introspection and difficulties in social adaptation.
The second factor - neuroticism (or neuroticism) - describes a certain property-state that characterizes a person in terms of emotional stability, anxiety, level of self-esteem and possible autonomic disorders. This factor is also bipolar and forms a scale, at one pole of which there are people characterized by extreme stability, maturity and excellent adaptation, and at the other - an extremely nervous, unstable and poorly adapted type. Most people are located between these poles, closer to the middle (according to the normal distribution).
The intersection of these 2 bipolar characteristics allows us to obtain an unexpected and rather interesting result - a fairly clear assignment of a person to one of the four 4 temperaments.
The third factor - psychoticism - was added in the fourth version of the questionnaire and is a characteristic of a tendency towards antisocial behavior and inadequacy of emotional reactions. This factor is not bipolar; its high values may indicate difficulty in social adaptation, although there is no clear justification for the legitimacy of identifying this category, and it is disputed by many foreign researchers.
Neuroticism - what is it in psychology according to Eysenck?
Neuroticism is a personality trait characterized by restlessness, excitability, anxiety, and lack of self-confidence. It is also called neuroticism, from the Greek. neuron – nerve, vein.
Neuroticism in psychology is a personality variable that denotes the characteristics of a labile and reactive nervous system. An increased level of neuroticism is characterized by a person’s irritability and sensitivity to current events.
In behavior, this character trait is manifested by complaints of headaches, sleep disturbances, mood swings and internal restlessness.
Notes[ | ]
- Jeronimus B.F.; Kotov, R.; Riese, H.; Ormel, J.
Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443,313 participants // Psychological Medicine (English). )Russian: journal. — 2021. — Vol. 46, no. 14. - P. 2883—2906. - doi:10.1017/S0033291716001653. - PMID 27523506.
- Jeronimus B.F.; Kotov, R.; Riese, H.; Ormel, J.
Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443,313 participants // Psychological Medicine (English). )Russian: journal. — 2021. — Vol. 46, no. 14. - P. 2883—2906. - doi:10.1017/S0033291716001653. - PMID 27523506.
Improved techniques
In 1963, the EPI (Eysenck Personality Inventory) questionnaire was proposed - a new technique, the questions of which, in the amount of 48 pieces, are intended to diagnose the “neuroticism” and “extraversion-introversion” scales, and 9 add up to the “lie” scale - with its help it is determined a person’s desire to “embellish” himself (a total of 57 points were identified).
The EPI methodology was developed based on responses received from more than 30 thousand people, which is several orders of magnitude greater than the number that was involved in the creation of MMQ and MPI.
The test uses two versions with different questions, but identical in form and meaning (to be used twice).
Six years later, Hans and Sibylle Eysenck offer the EPQ, a personality questionnaire that diagnoses not only the previous two described scales and the “lie” scale, but also psychoticism. Its high level is associated with the severity of special conditions in which the presence of inadequate mental reactions (psychosis) is possible. The test involves passing 101 questions.
The name of Eysenck is also known due to the fact that he proposed a method for identifying self-assessment of mental states, during which the presence of a prevailing psychotype is determined - frustration, anxiety, aggressiveness and rigidity.
Currently, the EPQ is not very popular, and not only because the previous test includes 57 questions - almost half as many as the present one. Many foreign researchers argue that the psychoticism scale cannot have a scientific basis, and the results obtained during experiments are often contradictory.
Neuroticism
Neuroticism is a human personality trait that manifests itself in restlessness, anxiety, and emotional instability.
Neuroticism in psychology is an individual variable that expresses the characteristics of the nervous system (lability and reactivity).
Those people who have a high level of neuroticism hide internal dissatisfaction and personal conflicts under the external expression of complete well-being. They react to everything that happens too emotionally and are not always adequate to the situation.
A high level of neuroticism is characterized by a person’s strong sensitivity to externally occurring events. Negative emotions and unpleasant sensations arise in connection with negatively colored events, pessimistic mood and lack of adaptation of the individual.
A high level of neuroticism is manifested by complaints of headaches, poor sleep, mood swings and mental restlessness.
A neurotic person can be recognized by the way she behaves, for example, she is always worried about whether electrical appliances are turned off, how securely the door is locked, she is afraid of public transport, or large crowds of people.
A neurotic person exaggerates worries about his appearance, especially about attractiveness, and has obsessive thoughts about adultery or possible financial difficulties.
A small child feels defenseless and helpless in comparison with adults, and this experience can only become stronger in the future, then such a person, being mature, continues to experience inferiority in comparison with others. It is precisely this neuroticism in psychology that is the cause of the possible manifestation of an inferiority complex.
Due to guilt, the level of neuroticism increases
Such symptoms of neuroticism may seem minor at first, or may not be noticed at all. If the necessary measures are not taken in time, for example, corrective measures for neuroticism, the person’s condition will worsen, as will the quality of his life
A high level of neuroticism leads to the fact that an individual’s life activity becomes unbearably painful for him; he is haunted by empty fears and constant anxieties that take away all his strength, which is why various ailments appear, mostly psychosomatic.
A person with a high level of neuroticism feels personal internal discomfort, which calls into question his pleasant and calm pastime with other people. A neurotic personality can make life difficult for both themselves and those around them.
High levels of neuroticism are not normal, but they are not pathological either. But, in the presence of unfavorable conditions, it can turn into neurosis, and there are cases when it even reaches psychosis.
Neuroticism is not a mental disorder at all, but one of the features of the psyche. Worry, uncertainty, anxiety are inherent in many people in a stressful situation. To find out if you have an excess level of neuroticism, you need to take a special test together with a psychologist.
Treatment of neuroticism is necessary in situations where increased emotionality significantly complicates life, relationships with others, and leads to worries for no reason. If certain forms of behavior prevent a person from functioning and living fully, they need to be worked on.
A person with a neurotic character experiences stress much more intensely than others and reacts to external stressful stimuli. In a stressful situation, a neurotic person behaves restlessly, he is anxious, irritable. He reacts to such little things that individuals with a different type of character would not even pay attention to.
Neuroticism is a personality trait that complicates the return of a person’s psyche to a calm and adequate state.
Neuroticism has a close connection with a person’s emotionality, so there is a tendency for highly emotional people to develop various fears, phobias, concerns or obsessive states.
