What is a person’s character, how is it formed and how does it differ from temperament + classification of character types

Definition and general characteristics of the concept

Character is a set of stable traits that determine a person’s behavior, his lifestyle, habits, and reactions to various situations. Character is not an innate component of the psyche, but is formed throughout life. The basis for the formation of character is biological characteristics: gender, type of temperament, set of genes. Refracted through the prism of education and individual development, they form a unique psychological picture.

The word “character” translated from Greek means “imprint, seal.” This is what distinguishes a person from other people, makes him unique and inimitable. It is impossible to meet two people with absolutely identical characters.

Character plays a decisive role in our lives. Everything we do, what we think, what emotions we experience is determined by our character. This is a kind of set of patterns fixed in the psyche that are designed to simplify our existence. Imagine: faced with the same situation every time, we would have to re-evaluate it, build a behavior strategy, and analyze the consequences. Character allows you to optimize this process.

Knowing a person's character well, you can almost accurately predict his behavior.

Social character of personality

The social character of a person is understood as those qualities that should be characteristic of absolutely all people of a particular society. When going out into society, a person must show not only individual traits, but also those qualities that are considered acceptable, approved, and normal. This set is formed by society, the media, culture, education, educational institutions, religion, etc. It should be noted that parents also raise their children depending on the framework and norms that are accepted in society.

According to E. Fromm, the social character of a person is a person’s way of adapting to the society in which he is located. This is an unpunished and free way of existing in a particular society. He believed that no society allows a person to fully realize himself, since he always dictates its own rules and norms, which should be above individual characteristics and desires. This is why a person is always in conflict with society, when he must obey in order to be accepted, or tries to protest, which can be punishable.

Society will never allow a person to express himself in full force, which prevents him from realizing his inclinations and harms the individual himself. A distortion of character must occur when everyone fits themselves into certain frameworks and norms accepted in society. Only through the development of social character in a person does society make him safe for itself. What is important here is not the personality, but its safe manifestations that will be acceptable in society. Otherwise, there will be punishment for any individual self-expression that does not fit into the framework.

Character traits

Those traits that most often appear in similar life situations are character traits.

For example, a person usually behaves friendly and affable with others, but one day he breaks down and becomes rude. In this case, rudeness is not a character trait. This is a consequence of a situational factor. Most likely, the person was tired or upset. But friendliness can be fully attributed to the stable traits of his character.

All traits are usually divided into three groups depending on their focus. Each group also has positive and negative traits.

• Attitude towards yourself

This group of traits reflects a person’s attitude towards his own self. These include self-respect, pride, modesty, self-criticism, vanity, arrogance, pride, etc. The combination of these characteristics determines how a person positions himself in life, what place he places himself in relation to other people, how he evaluates his successes and failures, and what his goals are. chooses.

• Attitude towards other people

These are character traits associated with social interaction. Positive ones include responsiveness, friendliness, sociability, altruism, sensitivity, respect; negative ones include snobbery, contempt, isolation, callousness, and cynicism. The effectiveness of communication directly depends on these traits.

• Attitude to activity

These include hard work, responsibility, activity, diligence, creativity, accuracy, and perfectionism. And also laziness, passivity, irresponsibility. These traits are manifested in professional activity, in a person’s attitude to affairs and responsibilities.

The combination of traits from these three groups forms the character structure and a unique psychological portrait of a person.

List of personality traits

Human nature is a complex combination of unique traits that forms a unique system . This order includes the most striking, stable personal qualities, revealed in gradations of human-society relationships:

In addition to the character traits included by psychologists in the gradation of relationships (as a separate category), manifestations of nature in the moral, temperamental, cognitive and sthenic spheres were highlighted:

• moral: humanity, toughness, sincerity, good nature, patriotism, impartiality, responsiveness;
• temperamental: passion, sensuality, romance, liveliness, receptivity; passion, frivolity;
• intellectual (cognitive): analytical, flexible, inquisitive, resourceful, efficient, critical, thoughtful;
• sthenic (volitional): categoricalness, persistence, obstinacy, stubbornness, determination, timidity, courage, independence.

Many leading psychologists are inclined to believe that some personality traits should be divided into two categories:

1. Productive (motivational). Such traits push a person to perform certain actions and actions. These are goal-traits.
2. Instrumental. Giving personality during any activity individuality and method (manner) of action. These are methods-traits.

Gradation of character traits according to Allport

Allport's theory
The famous American psychologist Gordon Allport, an expert and developer of gradations of an individual's personal characteristics, divided personality traits into three classes:

Dominant . Such traits most clearly reveal the behavioral form: actions, activities of a certain person. These include: kindness, selfishness, greed, secrecy, gentleness, modesty, greed.

Ordinary . They manifest themselves equally in all numerous areas of human life. These are: humanity, honesty, generosity, arrogance, altruism, egocentrism, cordiality, openness.

Minor . These nuances do not have a particular impact on behavioral reactions. These are not dominant behaviors. These include musicality, poetry, diligence, and diligence.

A strong relationship is formed between a person’s existing personality traits. This pattern forms the final character of the individual.

But any existing structure has its own hierarchy. The human warehouse was no exception. This nuance is traced in Allport's proposed gradation structure, where minor traits can be suppressed by dominant ones. But in order to predict an individual’s actions, it is necessary to focus on the entire set of personality traits .

Character Formation

Scientists have for many years considered character to be an innate component of the psyche. This hypothesis was subsequently revised. Today there is no longer any doubt that character is formed throughout life. This idea was first expressed by the English philosopher John Locke.

Character begins to be formed immediately after birth. At this stage, a basic attitude towards trust or distrust in the world is formed. It is very important to surround the baby with love and care, to satisfy all his vital needs in a timely manner, and to take an active part in development.

The child grows up and begins to actively explore the world. Parents play the role of mediators and guides in this process. Their authority for the child is enormous. They have the strongest influence on the formation of his character. A child acquires some traits as a result of imitation, and some are formed as a result of targeted training.

After three years, the child’s social circle expands, peers and new adults appear in it. Character traits associated with social interaction begin to form: sociability, kindness, generosity, responsiveness.

When a child goes to school, adults’ assessments of his actions begin to play an important role in his life. An idea of ​​what is good and what is bad is formed. Active socialization occurs, and the role of parents in the further formation of character begins to decline. The child manifests himself in vigorous activity, and the traits associated with it begin to develop: hard work, responsibility, initiative, punctuality.

Adolescents are actively developing moral, ethical and volitional qualities. By adulthood, the character is, as a rule, already fully formed. In the future, only adjustments to its individual features occur.

Thus, we can identify the main factors influencing the formation of character:

• parental education;
• cultural values ​​proclaimed in society;
• personal example of people significant to a person;
• public opinion;
• self-development.

Character and its traits

A character trait is an important part of a personality; it is a stable quality that determines the interaction between a person and the surrounding reality. This is the defining method of resolving emerging situations, therefore psychologists consider a personality trait as a predictable personal behavior.

Variety of characters

A person acquires characteristics of character throughout his entire life; it is impossible to classify individual traits of nature as innate and characterological. To analyze and assess a personality, a psychologist not only determines the totality of individual characteristics, but also identifies their distinctive features.

It is character traits that are defined as primary in the study and compilation of psychological characteristics of a person.

But, when defining and assessing a person, studying behavioral traits in social terms, the psychologist also uses knowledge of the meaningful orientation of nature. It is defined in:

• strength-weakness;
• breadth-narrowness;
• static-dynamic;
• integrity-contradiction;
• integrity-fragmentation.

Such nuances constitute a general, complete characteristic of a particular person.

How is character different from temperament?

These two concepts are often confused or identified with each other. Let's be clear. Character and temperament are not the same thing, although they are closely related.

The first and most significant difference is that temperament is an innate indicator, and character is acquired.

The type of temperament is determined by the characteristics of the nervous system of each individual. Based on the combination of such general characteristics as strength, balance, and mobility of the nervous system, 4 types of temperament are distinguished:

1. Sanguines. Strong, balanced, mobile nervous system. They are characterized by sociability, optimism, energy, and activity.
2. Cholerics. Strong, unbalanced, mobile nervous system. They are characterized by high emotionality, quick temper, determination, and sociability.
3. Phlegmatic people. Strong, balanced, inert nervous system. Phlegmatic people are slow, calm, efficient, and withdrawn.
4. Melancholic people. Weak, unbalanced, inert nervous system. Melancholic people are vulnerable, sensitive, anxious and withdrawn.

Temperament is the basis on which character is formed. However, one should not assume that temperament completely determines him. The human psyche is very plastic - it can adapt to any conditions. People with different temperaments may have similar character traits, they will just manifest themselves differently.

For example, let’s take the quality of determination. Choleric people go straight to their goal. Any obstacles ignite sporting anger and passion in them. Sanguine people act methodically and confidently, do not give in to emotions and weigh every step. Phlegmatic people move towards the goal according to the principle “the slower you go, the further you will go.” Melancholic people have to constantly push themselves emotionally in order to maintain a high level of motivation.

There are traits that are more likely to develop in certain temperament types than others. But this does not mean that a person cannot go against the flow and shape them consciously through volitional efforts. Character can mask some of the innate manifestations, enhance others and inhibit others due to the formation and strengthening of new reflex connections.

Therefore, you need to constantly work on your character: get rid of bad traits and cultivate good ones. This is an interesting and creative process. Treat it like a game.

HYPERTHYMIC (OR HYPERACTIVE) CHARACTER

Optimism sometimes leads such a person to the point that he begins to praise himself, setting out the “natural theory of generational change” and prophesying high positions for himself. A good mood helps him overcome difficulties, which he always views lightly as temporary and passing. Voluntarily engaged in social work, strives to confirm his high self-esteem in everything. This is the hyperthymic character. If in the team you lead there is a person with a hyperthymic character, then the worst thing you can do is to entrust him with painstaking, monotonous work that requires perseverance, limit contacts, and deprive him of the opportunity to take initiative. Such an employee is unlikely to be of any use. He will be violently indignant at the “boredom” of work and neglect his responsibilities. However, the discontent that arises in these cases is of a benign nature. Having escaped from conditions unacceptable to him, hyperthym, as a rule, does not hold a grudge against others. Create conditions for the manifestation of initiative - and you will see how brightly the personality will reveal itself, the work will begin to boil in his hands. It is better to place hypertims in production areas where contacts with people are required: they are indispensable in organizing work and in creating a climate of goodwill in the team.

Adaptation and health disorders in hyperthymic people are usually associated with the fact that they do not spare themselves. They take on a lot, try to get everything done, run, rush, are excited, often express a high level of demands, etc. It seems to them that all problems can be resolved by increasing the pace of activity.

The main recommendation for people with a hyperthymic type of character is not to hold back, as it might seem at first glance, but to try to create such living conditions that would allow them to express vigorous energy in work, sports, and communication. Try to avoid stimulating situations, extinguish excitement by listening to music, and so on, up to light calming psychopharmacological treatment and autogenic training.

What is character accentuation

Accentuation is an extreme degree of expression of some specific character traits. A person with accentuation of character is mentally healthy, but on the very border of the norm.

Under unfavorable conditions, accentuation can develop into a mental disorder, leading to alcoholism, drug addiction, deviant behavior and suicide.

Accentuations are most common among teenagers. According to statistics, 95% of boys and girls aged 14–17 years have sharpened, hypertrophied character traits. With age, this figure decreases to 60%.

Accentuations cause personality disharmony, complicate socialization and general adaptation, and reduce productivity in all areas of life. The formation of accentuation is influenced by both hereditary factors and upbringing.

What kind of character does a person have?

Correct assessment begins with determining what types of character people have. All traits are distributed into five main groups:

Social

It includes traits determined by attitude:

• to yourself;
• labor;
• to society.

Emotional

It includes:

• expressiveness;
• impressionability;
• cheerfulness;
• high and low emotionality;
• impulsiveness;
• impressiveness;
• unstable emotionality.

Strong-willed

It includes:

• focus;
• determination;
• persistence;
• uncertainty;
• courage;
• discipline;
• independence.

Intelligent

It includes:

• prudence;
• depth and flexibility of intelligence;
• resourcefulness;
• mindset (practical or theoretical);
• frivolity;
• intelligence;
• curiosity;
• thoughtfulness.

Moral

It includes the following features:

• rigidity;
• kindness;
• responsiveness;
• honesty and similar qualities.

To compile a psychological portrait, certain qualities are noted.

Character types

In psychology, there are several classifications of character types. Let's look at and give a brief description of the main ones.

Jung's classification

Perhaps the most common classification in psychology that everyone has heard of. Swiss scientist Carl Gustav Jung, a student and follower of Sigmund Freud, classified people according to the direction of their vital energy. He identified two types:

1. Extroverts. These are people whose main attention and energy are directed outward. They are sociable, active, cheerful. They love to be in the company of people; they are uncomfortable alone. Extroverts are not inclined to worry for a long time about failures and problems and indulge in painful reflection.
2. Introverts. Their energy is directed inward. Recent studies have concluded that introverts have a more sensitive nervous system than extroverts. Therefore, they take everything to heart and love to delve into themselves. Introverts prefer to spend time alone with themselves; communication takes a lot of their energy.

Subsequently, the American psychologist Edmund Conklin added another type to the classification, identifying ambiverts. These people combine traits of both introvert and extrovert. They enjoy spending time in the company of people, but sometimes they need to be alone. This duality makes them incredibly flexible and allows them to adapt to any conditions.

Kretschmer classification

The German scientist Ernst Kretschmer associated character traits with a person’s physique. He divided people into three types:

1. Picnics. These are people of short or average height, stocky, and prone to being overweight. They have a small head, short neck, and small facial features. They are characterized by such qualities as sociability, optimism, emotionality, and activity. Picnics have a good sense of humor, they easily find a common language with everyone, so they often become the life of the party.
2. Asthenics. People of this species are thin, with underdeveloped muscles and long limbs. By nature they are stubborn, reserved, sensitive and serious.
3. Athletics. Tall, broad-shouldered, muscular. They are characterized by restraint, prudence, calmness and authority. Athletics do not adapt well to new conditions, so they value stability and constancy.

Lowen classification

American psychologist Alexander Lowen identified character types based on the protective mechanisms of the psyche that prevail in an individual. There were five of them in total:

1. Oral. This type of people is extremely dependent on other people's opinions. Its representatives are terrified of criticism, condemnation, and rejection by people. They need constant love and moral support, but they themselves are quite passive.
2. Masochistic. People with this type of character are suspicious, anxious, and pessimistic. They treat others with caution, sometimes even with hatred, but they try not to show it. They experience masochistic pleasure from suffering, love to complain about their misfortunes and ruin people's mood. They feel good when others feel bad, and vice versa.
3. Hysterical. This is about the fact that “the whole world is a theater, and the people in it are actors.” This is exactly what the world looks like in the minds of hysterical people. They are distinguished by violent manifestations of emotions, theatrical behavior, and exaggerated reactions to current events. They love drama in all its forms and cannot stand calm and stability, so they often get involved in various dubious stories.
4. Narcissistic. It is more pronounced in men. Representatives of this type are charismatic, assertive, purposeful, and energetic. They set ambitious goals and confidently implement them. Many of them become leaders because of the love of power and the desire to dominate. The flip side of their character is aggressiveness and authoritarianism.
5. Schizoid. People of this type live in their own fictional world. They are closed, unsociable and anxious. Schizoids have problems establishing close relationships, so they can remain alone all their lives.

These types are rarely found in their pure form. Most often, a person has a mixture of 2-3 types.

Leonard classification

The German psychologist Karl Leonhard studied character accentuations. In his book “Accented Personalities,” he identified 10 main types:

1. Hyperthymic. Characterized by sociability, activity, optimism, and energy. Such people are always in search of new experiences and bright emotions and cannot stand boredom. They are often too frivolous.
2. Disthymic. Representatives of this type are pessimistic, anxious, withdrawn and vulnerable. They have few friends and prefer loneliness to noisy companies. They have difficulty making decisions, hesitate for a long time and torment themselves with doubts.
3. Excitable. Hot-tempered, conflictual and aggressive people. They get along very poorly with others and often become tyrants at home.
4. Stuck. These are stubborn, touchy, suspicious people. They love to teach and instruct people without asking them, for which they are often considered boring. They are sensitive to injustice, sensitive to criticism, and vindictive.
5. Demonstrative. Representatives of this type love attention in all its forms. They are self-confident, boastful, emotional, shocking. They love to weave intrigues, manipulate people and provoke them to emotions. Among their positive traits, it is worth highlighting artistry, flexibility and innovative thinking.
6. Anxious. Timid, quiet, insecure people. They are self-critical, pessimistic, sensitive and vulnerable. They behave kindly with people, avoid any conflicts, but deep down they are wary of everyone. They are also distinguished by a lack of willpower, lack of initiative, and indecision.
7. Emotive. These people are emotional, responsive, and kind-hearted. We are always happy to help those in trouble. They take everything to heart, but do not demonstrate it, but accumulate experiences inside.
8. Pedantic. Such people are distinguished by neatness, a passion for order, perfectionism, and an obsession with detail. At the same time, they are serious, conscientious and reliable; loved ones can rely on them. They do not have leadership qualities, so they prefer to be led.
9. Exalted. Extremely impressionable, emotional and sensitive people. They react violently to everything that happens: pleasant events cause them delight, and unpleasant ones drive them into melancholy and despair.
10. Affectively labile. People with this type of accentuation are emotionally unstable and subject to causeless mood swings. Therefore, some people consider them sociable and cheerful, while others think that they are withdrawn and gloomy.

Take a look at our selection of tests to determine your personality type.

More than 100 cool lessons, tests and exercises for brain development

Start developing

Lichko classification

Soviet psychiatrist Andrei Evgenievich Lichko also studied character accentuations. There are 11 types in his classification:

1. Hyperthymic. Sociable, positive, good-natured person. Cannot stand stability, always looking for adventure and strong emotions. Often puts himself at risk to get a dose of adrenaline. He is fickle in his passions and often leaves things he has started unfinished.
2. Cycloid. It is characterized by an unstable energy state. During periods of recovery, he is sociable, cheerful, active, and during periods of decline, he plunges into depression. Each phase lasts approximately 2–3 weeks.
3. Labile. Characterized by frequent mood swings and unpredictable reactions. The same event, depending on his mood, may seem either interesting and exciting, or frightening and stressful. Any little thing can cause a change in mood: a disapproving glance from a passerby, a beautiful landscape from the window, a random song from the past.
4. Asthenoneurotic. Suspicious, capricious, easily tired type. Prone to hypochondria, i.e. obsessive worry about one's health. He is drawn to people, but quickly gets tired of them and returns to loneliness.
5. Sensitive. Sensitive, vulnerable, impressionable person. He is extremely demanding of himself, because of this he suffers from low self-esteem and worries about his shortcomings. With new people he behaves warily and withdrawn, but in the company of acquaintances he relaxes. Anxious and fearful. Often gives in to difficulties because of fear.
6. Psychasthenic. Likes to think, reason, rationalize. Has difficulty making decisions and taking responsibility. Characterized by high fatigue, anxiety, and suspiciousness.
7. Schizoid. Closed, unsociable, anxious type. He lives in his own world of illusions, where he does not let anyone in. Has difficulty establishing emotional contacts and suffers from this himself. He dreams of finding a close friend who will understand and support him.
8. Epileptoid. Irritable, explosive, prone to passions. Attacks of anger and irritation can last for several days in a row. All this time he is looking for an object on which he can throw out his negative emotions. Very jealous in relationships.
9. Hysterical. He is distinguished by egocentrism, constant thirst for attention, shockingness, and demonstrativeness. For the sake of a portion of attention, I am ready to do anything. He may even feign suicide attempts.
10. Unstable. Inclined to idleness, idleness, and various types of entertainment. He is not ambitious, has no career or life goals, lives one day at a time. He is cowardly and lacking initiative, needs care and protection. Incapable of experiencing deep, sincere feelings, he is indifferent to the needs of loved ones.
11. Conformal. Constantly adapts to the environment, does not have his own point of view, prefers to rely on the opinion of authorities in everything. He has no leadership qualities at all, is cowardly and lacks initiative.

Manifestation of character

20

PLAN.

I. Introduction.

II. Main part.

1. Definition of character.

2. Features of communication and behavior depending on the types of character accentuation.

3. Manifestation of character in human behavior and activity.

III. Conclusion.

Bibliography.

INTRODUCTION.

Speaking about character, we usually mean those personality traits that leave a certain imprint on all its manifestations and express its specific attitude towards the world and, above all, towards other people. It is in this sense that we usually say that a person has a bad character or a good, noble, etc. We sometimes say in the same sense that such and such a person is characterless, wanting to say that he does not have such an inner core that would determine his behavior; his deeds do not bear the stamp of their creator. In other words, a spineless person is a person lacking inner certainty; Every action he performs depends more on external circumstances than on himself. A man of character

on the contrary, he stands out primarily
by the certainty
of his attitude towards the environment, expressed in the certainty of his actions and actions;
about a person with character, we know that in such and such circumstances he will act in such and such a way. Character determines the definiteness of a person as a subject of activity, who, standing out from the environment, relates to it in a specific way. To know a person’s character is to know those essential traits for him, from which it follows and by which the entire pattern of his actions is determined. Character traits are those essential
properties of a person from which, with a certain logic and internal consistency, one line of behavior, some actions follow, and by which others are excluded as incompatible with them or contrary to them.

1. Definition of character.

Translated from Greek, “character” is “minting”, “sign”. Indeed, character is the special characteristics that a person acquires while living in society. Just as the individuality of a person is manifested in the peculiarities of mental processes (good memory, rich imagination, intelligence, etc.) and in temperamental traits, it also reveals itself in character traits.

Character is a set of stable individual characteristics of a person that develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, determining the individual’s typical modes of behavior.

A person's personality is characterized not only by what he does, but also by how he does it. Acting on the basis of common interests and beliefs shared by everyone, striving for common goals in life, people can discover in their social behavior, in their actions and deeds, different, sometimes opposing individual characteristics. You can, along with other people, experience the same difficulties, fulfill your duties with equal success, love or dislike the same thing, but at the same time be a soft, compliant or tough, intolerant person, cheerful or sad, confident or timid, harmonious or quarrelsome. . Critical remarks of the same meaning addressed to schoolchildren are always made by some teachers in a soft, polite, friendly manner, while by others - rudely and unceremoniously. In people with opposite views on life, with dissimilar interests, with differences in cultural level, with unequal moral principles, these ingrained individual characteristics, as a rule, are even more pronounced .

These individual characteristics that form a person’s character relate primarily to the will (for example, determination or uncertainty, fearfulness) and feelings (for example, cheerfulness or depression), but to a certain extent also to the mind

(e.g. thoughtlessness or thoughtfulness). However, manifestations of character are complex formations and in some cases practically cannot be classified into categories of volitional, emotional or intellectual processes (for example, suspicion, generosity, generosity, rancor, etc.).

Character reveals dependence on social relations that determine the direction of a person’s personality. So, for example, in a society based on the exploitation of man by man, the social position of representatives of the ruling classes contributes to the consolidation in their character of arrogance, conceit, hypocrisy, greed, hypocrisy, etc. A different picture of the determination of character is inherent in a socialist society. Both during the years of peaceful labor and during the Great Patriotic War, the specific character qualities of the Soviet person clearly emerged: dedication, determination, courage, modesty, and hard work acted as the core character traits of people building and defending a socialist society.

The formation of character occurs under conditions of inclusion of the individual in social groups of various levels of development (in a family, a friendly company, a work or educational group, an asocial association, etc.). Depending on how the individual is individualized in his reference group and what is the level of development of interpersonal relationships in it, a teenager, for example, may develop openness, directness, courage, integrity, and strength of character in one case, and secrecy in another case. , deceit, cowardice, conformity, weak character. In a team, as a group of a high level of development, the most favorable opportunities are created for the development and consolidation of the best character traits. This process contributes to the optimal integration of the individual in the team and the further development of the team itself.

Knowing a person’s character, one can predict how he will behave under certain circumstances, and, consequently, direct a person’s behavior. Based on the valuable character traits of the student, the teacher strives to develop and strengthen them, and to weaken the negative ones, or at least compensate them, replacing them with other, socially significant qualities.

2. Features of communication and behavior

depending on the type of character accentuation.

According to the famous German psychiatrist K. Leonhard, in 20 - 56% of people some character traits are so sharpened (accentuated) that under certain circumstances this leads to the same type of conflicts and nervous breakdowns. Accentuation of character is an exaggerated development of certain character traits to the detriment of others, as a result of which interaction with other people deteriorates. The severity of accentuation can vary - from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme variants, when you have to wonder if there is a disease - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining a person’s intelligence), as a result, relationships with other people are sharply disrupted; psychopaths can even be socially dangerous to others.

But unlike psychopathy, character accentuations do not appear constantly; over the years they can significantly smooth out and approach the norm. Leonhard identifies 12 types of acceptance, each of which predetermines a person’s selective resistance to some life adversities, with increased sensitivity to others, to frequent conflicts of the same type, and to certain nervous breakdowns. In favorable conditions, when it is the weak links of the personality that are not affected, such a person can become extraordinary; for example, accentuation of character according to the so-called exalted type can contribute to the flowering of the talent of an artist, an artist.

Character accentuations are often found in adolescents and young men (50 - 80%). The type of accentuation or its absence can be determined using special psychological tests, for example the Shmishek test. Often you have to deal with accentuated personalities and it is important to know and anticipate the specific features of people’s behavior.

A brief description of behavioral features depending on the type of accentuation is given below.

Hyperthymic (hyperactive) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Excessively high spirits, always cheerful, talkative, very energetic, independent, strives for leadership, risks and adventures, does not respond to comments, ignores punishments, loses the edge of being immature, lacks self-criticism. It is necessary to be cautious about his unfounded optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Energy is sometimes directed towards drinking alcohol, drugs, and promiscuous sex life.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Energy, thirst for activity, new things, optimism.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude towards responsibilities, irritability in the circle of close people.

Situations in which conflict is possible. Monotony, loneliness, conditions of strict discipline are contraindicated, constant moralizing can cause anger. There are often cases of manic-depressive psychosis.

Preferred activity. Work related to constant communication: organizational activities, sales service, stort, theater. Tend to change professions and places of work.

Dysthymic type.

Features of communication and behavior. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, taciturnity, pessimism, are burdened by noisy society, and do not get along closely with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts; more often they are a passive party in them. They value those who are friends with them and are inclined to obey them.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Seriousness, high morality, integrity, justice.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, “separation from the team.”

Situations in which conflict is possible. Situations that require vigorous activity and a change in the usual lifestyle are contraindicated. Tendency to neurotic depression.

Preferred activity. A job that does not require a wide range of communication.

Cycloid type.

Features of communication and behavior. Sociability changes cyclically (high during periods of elevated mood, and low during periods of depression)

During periods of rising mood, people manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, and during periods of declining mood, as people with dysthymic accentuation. During the period of decline, they perceive troubles more acutely, even to the point of committing suicide. There are cases of manic depressive psychosis

Preferred activity. Interests depend on the mood cycle. They are prone to disappointment in the profession and change jobs.

Emotive (emotional) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Excessive sensitivity, vulnerability, deeply experience the slightest troubles, overly sensitive to comments, failures, so they are often in a sad mood. They prefer a narrow circle of friends and relatives who understand perfectly. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role in them. Resentments do not spill out.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Altruism, compassion, compassionate, rejoice in other people's successes. Executives with a high sense of duty. Good family men.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Extreme sensitivity and tearfulness May provoke attacks from ill-mannered or irritable people.

Situations in which conflict is possible. Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness of relatives are perceived tragically. Injustice, rudeness, and being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated. Prone to neurotic depression, heart attack, hypertension.

Preferred activity. The arts, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.

Demonstrative type.

Features of communication and behavior. There is an expressed desire to be in the center of attention and achieve one’s goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. They easily forget about their unseemly deeds. Behavior depends on the person with whom he is dealing, high adaptability to people.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Courtesy, perseverance, focus, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, originality.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, shirking from work, a tendency to “get sick” at the most crucial and difficult moments. Tendency to intrigue, self-confidence and high claims. They provoke conflicts, while actively defending themselves.

Situations in which conflict is possible. Situations of infringement of interests, underestimation of merits, overthrow from the “pedestal” cause hysterical reactions. Tendency to hysteria. A closed circle of communication, monotonous work depress me.

Preferred activity. Favorable to work with constantly changing short-term contacts

Excitable type.

Features of communication and behavior. Increased irritability, lack of restraint, aggressiveness, sullenness, “boringness,” but flattery and helpfulness are possible (as a disguise). Tendency to be rude and use obscene language or remain silent and slow in conversation. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with their superiors, are difficult to get along with in teams, and are despotic and cruel in the family.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Outside of fits of anger - conscientiousness, accuracy, love for children.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Irritability, short temper, inappropriate outbursts of anger and rage with assault, cruelty; weakened control over desire.

Situations in which conflict is possible. Tendency to conflicts over minor issues, neurotic breakdowns, psychopathy, delinquency (immoral behavior, alcohol abuse, antisocial behavior.

Preferred activity. Physical labor, athletic sports. Due to incompatibility, they often change jobs. It is necessary to develop self-control and self-control.

Stuck type.

Features of communication and behavior. “Stuck” on his feelings, thoughts, cannot forget grievances, “settles scores”, intractability at work and at home, a tendency to protracted squabbles, in conflicts they are more often an active party, the circle of enemies and friends is clearly defined. Shows a lust for power - “the boring nature of a moral teacher.”

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. The desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on oneself, a thirst for justice, integrity, strong stable views.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Touchiness, suspicion, vindictiveness, ambition, arrogance, jealousy, a sense of justice inflated to the point of fanaticism.

Situations in which conflict is possible. Hurt pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals, a situation of jealousy can cause “delusions of persecution, jealousy.”

Preferred activity. A job that gives you a sense of independence and the opportunity to express yourself. It is necessary to develop flexibility, even forgetfulness.

Pedantic type.

Features of communication and behavior. Pronounced tediousness in the form of “experiencing” details in the service can torture visitors with formal requirements, and exhaust family members with excessive neatness.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Conscientiousness, accuracy, seriousness, reliability in business and feelings, even mood.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Formalism, “cunning”, “boringness”, the desire to shift important decisions to others.

Situations in which conflict is possible. A situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, underestimation of their merits; tendency to obsession, psychasthenia.

Preferred activity. Professions that are not associated with great responsibility prefer “paper work” and are not inclined to change jobs.

Anxious (psychasthenic) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Low background mood, fears for oneself, loved ones, timidity, self-doubt, extreme indecisiveness, experiences failure for a long time, doubts one’s actions. Rarely enters into conflicts, plays a passive role.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Friendliness, self-criticism, diligence.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Fearfulness and suspiciousness, due to defenselessness, sometimes serve as a target for jokes, “scapegoats.”

Situations in which conflict is possible. A situation of fear, threats, punishment, ridicule, and unfair accusations are contraindicated. Tendency to psychasthenia.

Preferred activity. You cannot be a leader, make responsible decisions, because... He will endlessly weigh and worry, but will not be able to make a decision.

Exalted (labile) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Very changeable mood, clearly expressed emotions, increased distractibility to external events, talkativeness, falling in love.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Altruism, a sense of compassion, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings, attached to friends.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism and susceptibility to despair.

Situations in which conflict is possible. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically. Tendency to neurotic depression

Preferred activity. The field of arts, artistic sports. Professions related to closeness to nature.

Introverted (schizoid) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Low sociability, closed, aloof from everyone, communication out of necessity, self-absorbed, doesn’t say anything about himself, doesn’t reveal his experiences, although he is characterized by increased vulnerability. Treats other people with reserved coldness, even close ones. Behavior and logic are often incomprehensible to others. They love loneliness. They rarely enter into conflicts - when trying to invade their inner world. Pickiness in choosing a spouse, search for an ideal. Emotional coldness, weak attachment to loved ones.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Restraint, sedateness, thoughtfulness of actions, strong convictions, adherence to principles.

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. Stubbornly defending your unrealistic views. He has his own point of view on everything, often sharply different from the opinion of the majority.

Situations in which conflict is possible. Deprivation of a “hobby” or favorite job is contraindicated. Loneliness, obsession, unceremoniousness, and the rudeness of others increase isolation. Cases of schizophrenia are common.

Preferred activity. Work that does not require a wide range of contacts, interests in theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, music, science fiction.

Extroverted (conformal) type.

Features of communication and behavior. Highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness, does not have his own opinion, is not very independent, strives to be like everyone else, disorganized, prefers to obey. He accepts orders from his superiors without hesitation. In society with friends and in the family, he cedes leadership to another.

Traits that are attractive to interlocutors. Willingness to listen to the “confession” of another, diligence

Traits that are repulsive and promote conflict. “A man without a king in his head,” susceptibility to other people’s influence, thoughtlessness of actions, gullibility, passion for entertainment.

Situations in which conflict is possible. A situation of forced loneliness, lack of control and unregulated life are contraindicated. Tendency to hypomania.

Preferred activity. Easy adaptability to a new job. When tasks and rules of behavior are clearly defined, they can be good performers.

3. Manifestations of character in human behavior and activity.

Character

-
the lifetime acquisition of a personality that is included in the system of social relations , in joint activities and communication with other people, and thereby acquiring its individuality.
Leaving an imprint on a person’s appearance, character receives its most vivid expression in his actions, behavior, and activities. Character should be judged primarily on the
basis of people’s actions, which most fully their essence.
There is a well-known Eastern proverb: “Sow an action and you will reap a habit, sow a habit and you will reap a character, sow a character and you will reap a destiny.” The emphasis in it is correctly placed on human actions, which, repeated, become habitual, are fixed in character traits, making up his being, influencing a person’s position in public life and the attitude of other people towards him. System of habitual actions and actions

-
the foundation of a person’s character.
Man by his very essence is active. The structure of human activity includes both various involuntary, automated movements (facial expressions, pantomime, gait, etc.) and intentional actions of greater or lesser complexity. Movements and actions, the implementation of which, under certain conditions, becomes a need for a person, as is known, are called habits.

The most successful portrait does not provide as much information about a person’s character as his usual actions and movements.

And yet, decisive, objective and irrefutable data about a person’s character are provided not by these involuntary actions and movements of a person and not by the features of his external appearance, but by his conscious and intentional actions and actions. It is by actions that we judge what a person is.

Thus, character has a social nature, that is, it depends on a person’s worldview, the content and nature of his activities, on the community in which he lives and acts, on active interaction with other people.

Character is only one aspect of personality, but not the whole personality. A person placed in an extreme situation or simply in a situation
of choice is able to rise above the circumstances, including above his own character.
This ability of a person to withstand any circumstances, including internal, psychological ones, represents a powerful force for a person’s self-change, the basis of his development as an individual. Therefore, any attempts at a final explanation of a person, a forecast of his behavior cannot be final in principle, since a person is capable of devaluing these explanations, challenging them and becoming different, that is, making a choice in favor of his social and universal use (and thereby his own development), and not just compliance with external and internal circumstances.

To the extent that a person is capable of this, what comes to
the fore is not the specific characterological, but the social and universal human . And to the extent that she is not capable of this, the personality really exhausted by its character, typical individual characters and strategies in typical situations.
In addition, the same circumstances are reflected by people far from the same. “Those who want to do things look for means; those who don’t want to do things look for reasons.” Which of the circumstances a person will highlight for himself as significant can be determined both by the external circumstances themselves (at the situational level of behavior), and - further - by the existing individual characteristics of the person (including his character), i.e. internal circumstances, and , finally, awareness of oneself as a subject of action, embodying high social and universal ideals, separated from both external (situational) and internal (individual psychological) circumstances and able to influence them.

Manifesting itself in actions and deeds, to the extent to which the subject is actively involved in joint activities, character turns out to be dependent both on the content of the activity, and on the successful or unsuccessful overcoming of difficulties, on distant and immediate prospects in achieving basic life goals.

Moreover, character depends on how a person relates (based on his previously established characteristics) to his failures and successes, to public opinion and a number of other circumstances. Thus, people studying in the same class of school or working in the same position acquire different character traits in connection with whether they cope with the task. Some people are inspired by success and motivate them to work or study even better, others tend to “rest on their laurels”; Failure depresses some, while it awakens fighting spirit in others.

Thus, the most important point in the formation of character is how a person relates to the environment and to himself - as to another. These relationships are at the same time the basis for the classification of the most important character traits.

A person’s character is manifested, firstly, in how he treats other people: family and friends, work and study comrades. Stable and unstable attachment, integrity and unprincipledness, sociability and isolation, truthfulness and deceit, tactfulness and rudeness reveal a person’s relationship with other people. The character of a person cannot be revealed and understood outside the team. In a team, during live communication with other people, character traits such as breadth or pettiness, quarrelsomeness or complaisance, peacefulness or a tendency to argue clearly appear.

Secondly, a person’s attitude towards himself is indicative of his character: pride and self-esteem or humiliation and lack of self-confidence. For some people, selfishness and egocentrism come to the fore (placing oneself at the center of all events), for others - the subordination of their own interests to the interests of the team, selflessness in the fight for a common cause.

Thirdly, character is revealed in a person's attitude to business. Thus, the most valuable character traits of a person include conscientiousness and diligence, seriousness, enthusiasm, responsibility for the assigned work and concern for its results.

Fourthly, character is manifested in a person’s attitude towards things: not only the attitude towards public property, but also the careful or careless handling of one’s belongings, clothes and shoes, books and teaching aids, etc.

A person’s activity, his behavior, are, first of all, determined by the goals that he sets for himself, and the main determinant of his behavior and activity always remains the direction of his personality - the totality of his interests, ideals and beliefs. However, two people who have much in common in personality orientation and whose goals coincide can differ significantly in the methods they use to achieve these goals. Behind these differences lie personality traits. A person’s character seems to have a program for his typical behavior in typical circumstances. Character traits, therefore, have a certain driving, motivating force, which manifests itself to the greatest extent in stressful situations, when it is necessary to make a choice of actions, and to overcome significant difficulties.

A person who is decisive by nature moves from impulses to actions, often without any long-term struggle of motives. Tactfulness as a character trait of an individual promotes caution in statements, which involves taking into account a number of circumstances and problems that are significant for the people with whom he communicates.

achievement motivation can be considered as a character trait.

- his need to necessarily achieve success in any activity, no matter what he is doing, especially in conditions of competition with other people. Achievement motivation as a personality trait is formed during life as a result of systematic and personally significant rewards for successes and punishments for failures.

CONCLUSION.

Human character is a system of generalized generalized motivations fixed in an individual. The motivations generated by the circumstances of life are the “building material” from which character is formed. An impulse, a motive, is a property of character in its genesis. In order for a motive (motivation) to become a property of a personality, “stereotyped” in it, it must be generalized in relation to the situation in which it originally appeared, spreading to all situations similar to the first, in features that are significant in relation to the personality. A character property is, ultimately, a tendency, an impulse, a motive that naturally appears in a given person under homogeneous conditions.

This understanding of character, connecting it with motives, seems to come into conflict with everyday observations, which indicate that sometimes people of great breath, living with the highest noblest motives, have a difficult character, which makes them not very pleasant companions in everyday communication, and on the other hand, you can often meet a person about whom everyone around him says: “What a good, easy character he has!”, And in this person you will not find either high goals or truly great spiritual motivations. Explanations for this must be sought not only in the fact that in people of the first and second types the center of mental attention is directed to different things, but also in the following circumstance: just as socially developed operations or methods of action are incorporated into abilities, socially developed operations or methods of action are, as it were, inlaid into character. developed modes of behavior that meet the requirements imposed by society on its members. These modes of behavior, which do not directly express the corresponding personal motives of a person, are mastered by him due to motives or considerations of a different order. There is therefore no direct coincidence or correspondence between the ways of behavior and the motives of a person, which are the results of his behavior. As a result, there is, or may be, a discrepancy between a person’s impulses, which are the results of his behavior, and the impulses, ready-made modes of behavior that he has mastered for incoming reasons. The character of a person thus consists of an alloy of impulses and modes of behavior not directly generated by them, acquired by the person. The basis of character is formed not by the modes of behavior themselves, but by the generalized impulses that regulate the corresponding modes of behavior, which, due to their generality, can be abstracted from individual particular situations and become fixed in a person, in the individual. Above the impulses, patterns of behavior mastered by a person are also built into character. Anyone who does not see their basis behind them and judges people only by their “manners” judges them superficially.

The study of character and its formation, still little advanced, should have focused primarily on this problem - the problem of the transition of situationally, by a combination of circumstances, generated motives (drives) into stable personal drives. In pedagogical terms, this determines the main line of educational work on character formation. The starting point here is the selection and instillation of appropriate motives through their generalization and stereotyping, turning into habits.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. General psychology: Textbook. For students of pedagogy. Institute / Ed. A. V. Petrovsky. - M.: Education, 1986.

2. Rubinstein S. L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. - St. Petersburg: ZAO Publishing House “Peter”, 1999.

3. Stolyarenko L. D. Fundamentals of psychology. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix Publishing House, 1997.

PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER OF PERSON

Having discussed the issue of character formation, it is natural to now turn to finding out how character and personality are related, especially since we have already discussed a similar question in connection with the consideration of temperament.

In the general structure of personality, character occupies a central place, uniting all other properties and behavioral characteristics. A person’s character undoubtedly influences his cognitive processes - perception, attention, imagination, thinking and memory. This influence is exercised through volitional and instrumental character traits. A person's emotional life is directly influenced by character. The same can be said about motivation and will itself. First of all, character determines the individuality and originality of a person.

Character differs from other personality traits primarily in its stability and, as we have seen, in its earlier formation. If, for example, the needs, interests, inclinations, social attitudes, and worldview of a person as a whole can change almost throughout a person’s life, then his character, once formed, remains more or less stable. The only exceptions, perhaps, are cases of severe diseases that affect the human brain, as well as deep organic changes in the central nervous system that occur with age, after which, for purely organic reasons, a person’s character may change. Finally, some of its changes may occur during life crises, which also cannot be considered as completely normal phenomena.

3 pages, 1033 words

QUESTION ╣ 14 Concept of character. Character types. Its features, properties

... character traits”, “character features”, there is also the concept of “character accentuation”. Accentuation of character is the strengthening of individual character traits, in which deviations in human psychology and behavior that do not go beyond the norm are observed... The character of many adolescents becomes accentuated - an extreme version of the norm. There are 10 main types of accentuation. 1. Hyperthymia. People, …

One of the human character traits that exhibits particular age and temporal stability is sociability

or a trait related in meaning to it -
isolation,
as well as more general character traits, of which the two mentioned are included as components -
extraversion
and
introversion.
C. Jung contributed a lot of useful information to understanding the genesis and functioning of these character traits.
“Considering the course of human life,” he wrote, “we see that the destinies of one are determined primarily by the objects of his interests, while the
destinies of another are determined primarily by his own inner life.”

The first type of people can be called extroverted,

the second -
introverted.
Extraversion and introversion as personality traits express, respectively, a person’s openness or closedness in relation to the world and to other people. In the case of an extrovert, we are dealing with a sociable person who always and everywhere shows a special interest in what is happening around him. In the case of an introvert, on the contrary, we notice that all the person’s attention is directed to himself and he becomes the center of his own interests. An introverted person puts himself and his individual inner world above what is happening around him. An extrovert, on the contrary, places the external world above his internal subjective experiences. This is the most general characteristic of these two, the most common personality types, based on different character traits. Let's take a closer look at their other psychological characteristics.

Extraversion is associated with certain character accentuations, in particular exaltation, demonstrativeness, excitability, hyperthymia, and sensitivity. All these character traits, taken together, usually form a single complex and occur together in a person. A person with such a complex of character traits is distinguished by increased activity and attention to what is happening around him. He responds vividly to relevant events and seems to live by them. Introversion correlates with a different set of personality traits, primarily with anxiety, pedantry, schizoidness, hysteria, and psychasthenia. People who have this complex of characterological characteristics are distinguished by their detachment from what is happening around them, aloofness, and independence.

Almost the same stability as extraversion and introversion is revealed by a complex of characterological personality traits that manifest themselves in the defense mechanisms we have already considered.

A person’s character is related to his interests, needs, and most of all is manifested in what is significant to a person. Therefore, you can correctly judge a person’s character by carefully observing how he behaves in significant life situations that allow him to satisfy his strongest and most pressing needs.

30 pages, 14564 words

Parents of teenagers' ideas about their child's character

... the sample size was 124 people, 62 teenagers (aged 12 to 15 years) and their parents. 1. The problem of parents’ ideas about the character of their child in the modern… child. Objectives: 1. To carry out a theoretical analysis of the literature on the problem of ideas of parents of teenagers about the character of their child, to reveal the basic concepts. 2. Select diagnostic tools for studying...

TYPOLOGY OF CHARACTERS

Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been made repeatedly throughout the history of psychology. One of the most famous and early of them was the one that was proposed by the German psychiatrist and psychologist E. Kretschmer at the beginning of our century. Somewhat later, a similar attempt was made by his American colleague W. Sheddon, and today by E. Fromm, KLeongard, A. Elichko and a number of other scientists.

….. One of the classifications belongs to the famous domestic psychiatrist A. ELichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.

Accentuation of character,

according to Lichko, this is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits, in which deviations in human psychology and behavior that do not go beyond the norm are observed, bordering on pathology. Such accentuations as temporary mental states are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this fact as follows: “Under the influence of psychogenic factors that address the “place of least resistance,” temporary adaptation disorders and deviations in behavior may occur.” As a child grows up, the characteristics of his character that appeared in childhood remain quite pronounced and lose their sharpness, but with age they can clearly appear again (especially if a disease occurs).

Classification of character accentuations in adolescents, proposed by A. Elichko

, as follows:

1. Hyperthymic
type.
Teenagers of this type are distinguished by their mobility, sociability, and a penchant for mischief. They always make a lot of noise into the events happening around them, and they love the restless company of their peers. Despite good general abilities, they show restlessness, lack of discipline, and study unevenly. Their mood is always good and upbeat. They often have conflicts with adults - parents and teachers. Such teenagers have many different hobbies, but these hobbies, as a rule, are superficial and quickly pass. Teenagers of the hyperthymic type often overestimate their abilities, are too self-confident, strive to show off, boast, and impress others.

2. Cycloid

type.
Characterized by increased irritability and a tendency to apathy.
Teenagers of this type prefer to be at home alone instead of going somewhere with their peers. They have a hard time with even minor troubles and react extremely irritably to comments. Their mood periodically changes from elated to depressed (hence the name of this type) with periods of approximately two to three weeks. 3. Labile
type.
This type is extremely changeable in mood, and it is often unpredictable. The reasons for an unexpected change in mood may turn out to be the most insignificant, for example, someone accidentally dropped a word, someone’s unfriendly glance. All of them “are capable of sinking into despondency and a gloomy mood in the absence of any serious troubles or failures.” The behavior of these teenagers largely depends on their momentary mood. The present and future, depending on the mood, can be colored either with rainbow or gloomy colors. Such teenagers, being in a depressed mood, are in dire need of help and support from those who can improve their mood, who can distract, cheer up and entertain. They understand and feel the attitude of the people around them well.

3 pages, 1272 words

Types of temperament. Human emotional behavior

... so they are leaving soon. The brightest emotion is joy. Everything around us gives us joy. Cholerics are emotional people, so they take all the little things in life to heart. Sanguine people also...art. Among composers, Tchaikovsky, Chopin, and Sibelius can be considered melancholic. The completely opposite type of people to melancholic people are choleric people. Cholerics are often impatient, fussy and...

4. Asthenoneurotic
type.
This type is characterized by increased suspiciousness and capriciousness, fatigue and irritability. Fatigue is especially common when performing difficult mental work.

5. Sensitive
type.
He is characterized by increased sensitivity to everything: to what pleases and to what upsets or frightens. These teenagers do not like large companies, too gambling, active and mischievous games. They are usually shy and timid in front of strangers and therefore often give the impression of being withdrawn. They are open and sociable only with those whom they know well; they prefer communication with children and adults to communication with peers. They are obedient and show great affection for their parents. In adolescence, such adolescents may experience difficulties adapting to their peer circle, as well as an “inferiority complex.” At the same time, these same teenagers develop a sense of duty quite early and display high moral demands on themselves and the people around them. They often compensate for deficiencies in their abilities by choosing complex activities and increased diligence. These teenagers are picky about finding friends and acquaintances for themselves, show great affection in friendships, and adore friends who are older than them.

6. Psychasthenic
type.
Such adolescents are characterized by accelerated and early intellectual development, a tendency to think and reason, to introspect and evaluate the behavior of other people. Such teenagers, however, are often more strong in words than in deeds. Their self-confidence is combined with indecision, and categorical judgments are combined with hasty actions taken precisely at those moments when caution and prudence are required.

7. Schizoid
type.
The most significant feature of this type is isolation. These teenagers are not very drawn to their peers; they prefer to be alone, in the company of adults. They often demonstrate outward indifference to the people around them, lack of interest in them, poorly understand the conditions of other people, their experiences, and do not know how to sympathize. Their inner world is often filled with various fantasies and special hobbies. In the external manifestations of their feelings, they are quite restrained, not always understandable to others, especially to their peers, who, as a rule, do not like them very much.

8. Epileptoid
type.
These teenagers often cry and harass others, especially in early childhood. Such children, writes A. Elichko, love to torture animals, tease younger ones, and mock the helpless. In children's companies they behave like dictators. Their typical traits are cruelty, power, and selfishness. In the group of children they control, such teenagers establish their own strict, almost terroristic orders, and their personal power in such groups rests mainly on the voluntary obedience of other children or on fear. Under conditions of a strict disciplinary regime, they often feel at their best, try to please their superiors, achieve certain advantages over their peers, gain power, and establish their dictatorship over others.

8 pages, 3596 words

Psychological types of people and their manifestations in work, business, communication

... and positive aspects. And the more of them we can use usefully, without forgetting about the shortcomings, the calmer and more effectively we will interact with others. Indeed, often when people find themselves in a new team... of every type. I believe that knowing these pitfalls is essential for anyone who wants to best adapt to the demands of their job. Of course, in every...

9. Hysterical
type.
The main feature of this type is egocentrism, a thirst for constant attention to one’s own person. Adolescents of this type often have a tendency toward theatricality, posing, and panache. Such children have great difficulty in enduring when in their presence someone praises their friend, when others are given more attention than themselves. For them, an urgent need is the desire to attract the attention of others, to listen to admiration and praise addressed to them. These teenagers are characterized by claims to an exclusive position among their peers, and in order to influence others and attract their attention, they often act in groups as instigators and ringleaders. At the same time, being unable to become real leaders and organizers of the cause, or to gain informal authority, they often and quickly fail.

10. Unstable
type.
He is sometimes mischaracterized as weak-willed and going with the flow. Adolescents of this type show an increased tendency and craving for entertainment, indiscriminately, as well as for idleness and idleness. They do not have any serious, including professional, interests; they almost never think about their future.

11. Conformal
type.
This type demonstrates thoughtless, and often simply opportunistic, submission to any authority, to the majority in the group. Such teenagers are usually prone to moralizing and conservatism, and their main life credo is “to be like everyone else.” This is a type of opportunist who, for the sake of his own interests, is ready to betray a comrade, to leave him in difficult times, but no matter what he does, he will always find a “moral” justification for his action, and often more than one.

The above classification of characters proposed by A.E. Lichko should be treated in the same way as the classification of E. Kretschmer. It is also built on the basis of observational results and their generalization and in this sense is not scientifically accurate (according to modern ideas).

A question arises to which various classifiers have not yet found a satisfactory answer: what to do with those people who do not fit into the classification and cannot be unambiguously assigned to any of the proposed types? This intermediate group of people makes up a fairly significant part - up to half of all people.

Examples of similar educational works

The influence of the mother's educational style on the development of the child's personality

... between the formation of negative personality traits of the child, as well as the development ... of a type of excessive attention and satisfaction of all the desires of the child leads to the development of hysterical character traits ... handing over the child to a wet nurse, raising him by other people, or ...

Features of personality development in preschool children with speech disorders

... of a person to life in society, the development of certain protective mechanisms and ways of satisfying his needs. Trait theory bases its view of development on the fact that all personality traits...

The influence of the family on the formation of the child’s personality 3

... families on the formation of the child’s personality 1.1 Definition and functions of the family family child personality education One of the most significant factors in the development of the character of a preschool child in the formation of the basic traits of his personality, primary forms ...

The influence of the family on the formation of the child’s personality 2

… other people. The influence of the family on the formation of a child’s personality is recognized by many teachers, psychologists, psychotherapists, and psychoneurologists. Deviations in family relationships negatively affect the formation of a child’s personality, character, self-esteem...

Child-parent relationships and their impact on the child’s personality

… their; -conduct an experimental study to identify the dependence of a child’s personality on the conditions of family upbringing. Problems of the family and its impact on the child have worried people since ancient times. In the essays...

How is character revealed?

Since character is a combination of a large number of relatively constant properties of the psyche, its manifestations are present in every action in all spheres of life. These manifestations, as a rule, are represented by extreme degrees of certain forms of behavior. Let us consider the manifestations of character in different areas in more detail.

In relation to yourself it could be:

• modesty and arrogance;
• shyness and vanity;
• self-criticism and self-confidence.

In relation to others:

• isolation and sociability;
• the desire to dominate and the desire to be part of a team;
• trust and distrust;
• hostility and friendliness.

In relation to work:

• hard work and laziness;
• responsibility and irresponsibility;
• good faith and bad faith.

In relation to material assets:

• generosity and greed;
• thrift and extravagance;
• neatness and sloppiness.

The ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus once said, “Character determines destiny.” And this is really so, because it manifests itself in every everyday little thing, in every serious or small decision and in every phrase spoken to a close or not so close person.