Communication function of management - General concept. Classification. Role

Communication functions

Have you ever met at least one person who could do without communicating with others?
That’s right, there are either almost no such people, or none at all, and all because it is communication that is responsible for the possibility of realizing one’s abilities. So communication is an important part of the lives of each of us, but at the same time we know ridiculously little about its functions and mechanisms. Such gaps urgently need to be filled, and we are ready to help you with this. Scientists dealing with communication problems agree that three functions of communication
:

• Information and communication.
• Regulatory and communicative.
• Effectively communicative.

Term and its definition

The term “culture” itself comes from the Latin colere and arose about 2000 years ago. At first, this word meant tillage and all kinds of agricultural work. The concepts of “agriculture”, “horticultural culture”, “agricultural culture” and others still echo the past.

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In the first century BC, Cicero first used this term in relation to a person, denoting with it the upbringing, education and values ​​of a citizen and an individual. Since then, this cultural concept has begun to develop in a new direction.

Since upbringing and education are unthinkable without separating the human world from the environment, very soon culture began to mean this circle of special values ​​and activities that transform a simple person into a reasonable person, and over time into a privileged person - having access to knowledge, books, theater or science.

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Over time, the term acquired new meanings. With the development of science, the word “culture” began to be referred to various time milestones - “the culture of ancient Rome.” It was used to highlight certain social groups - “hippie culture” or areas of life - “urban culture”.

In everyday life, this cultural term began to designate a certain hypothetically ideal moral character of a person as a synonym for “good manners.”

Today, there are about 1000 definitions of the concept “culture”, more or less overlapping with each other.

Functions of culture

Based on the above, we can conclude that culture plays a vital role in the life of each individual society and all humanity as a whole. It is a unique means of collecting, storing and transmitting all human experience to future generations.

The cognitive, adaptive, educational, normative, entertaining, symbolic and communicative functions of culture are studied by cultural science. All these functions follow from each other or serve as the basis for one another.

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One thing is indisputable: culture is the basis, the foundation of humanity, and accumulates all the experience and knowledge ever gained into a system that regulates the life of society at all its levels.

Any individual exists in a certain cultural space. A person is inseparable from culture and throughout life they interact, changing and complementing each other.

Initially, a child's attitudes, values, views and interests are formed under the influence of the environment in which he is placed and in which he is forced to function. A person grows, and over time, on the basis of formed ideas, he, in turn, changes and shapes the environment in which new future individuals grow.

The implementation of this interaction is impossible without the communicative function of culture.

Examples of the communicative side of communication

To better understand what the communicative side of communication is and how to separate it from the perceptual and interactive side, let's look at a few examples from everyday life:

• Date. When you have a romantic interest, all three aspects are at their maximum. Both the guy and the girl try to impress each other with their appearance, smell and manners - this is the perceptual side of their communication. They tell each other about themselves, their tastes and interests - this is the communicative component. In addition, they engage in various joint activities: walking in the park, eating ice cream, roller skating - this is the interactive side.
• Communication in the store. When you approach the counter, the first thing you do is smile at the seller and say hello to him - this is the perceptual side. Then you say what you want to buy, and the seller counts the amount and tells it to you - this is the communicative side. Next, the seller gives you the purchases, and you pay for them - this is the interactive component of communication.
• Ads. Suppose we are shown a cup of hot, steaming coffee and a delicious cheesecake topped with syrup. The visuals stimulate the appetite – this is the perceptual aspect (builds trust in the establishment). At the same time, they explain to us how and where we can try all these goodies - this is the communicative component of the advertising message.

In the last example there is no interactive component, since the communication is one-way and does not involve interaction. But the communicative component is fully present and fulfills all its functions: it tells the viewer about the cafe, arouses desire and encourages them to come to the establishment in the near future.

Communication as the only productive type of interaction

The emergence and existence of any society is impossible without communication. The Dictionary of Cultural Concepts defines communication as a process of interaction, the main purpose of which is the transfer of information.

Within the framework of one article it is impossible to cover the entirety, types and features of all types of communications possible in society. Therefore, let's take a closer look at some of them.

According to the method of transmitting information, communication can be divided into verbal and non-verbal. The “culture-person” system uses both types of communication to implement one of its most important functions - the first includes all types of languages ​​ever created by man, the second - gestures, facial expressions, body movements, timbre of voice and other paraverbal means.

The communicative function of culture involves interpersonal interaction between people. It so happens that a person is strong precisely in society - alone he is not able to cope with any difficult problem.

In most cases, without communication, a person falls out of society, does not feel like a full-fledged individual, and long-term isolation, as a rule, leads to moral degradation. Only through communication do people become members of society, and then, in turn, by communicating and interacting, they create and develop this very society. In this way, the communicative function of culture is realized.

What is the communicative side of communication?

The communicative side of communication is the totality of all aspects of interaction aimed at exchanging useful information (knowledge, instructions, ideas, beliefs, opinions, views, etc.). In this case, there are 2 communication channels:

• Verbal. These are all types of verbal communication (both oral and written). Verbal communication provides the highest speed of information transfer, and therefore forms the basis of interpersonal interaction.
• Non-verbal. This is the transmission of information through gestures, facial expressions and signs, but without the use of words. Nonverbal communication allows small pieces of information to be exchanged quickly.

Thus, the communicative side of communication is not always associated with spoken words. For example, the phrases “Hello!” or “Nice to meet you!” do not convey information, therefore they belong to the perceptual side. At the same time, the usual nod in response to a question is part of the communicative side of communication.

Functions of the communicative side of communication:

• Information exchange. This is the transfer and receipt of knowledge of varying degrees of value (scientific discussion, spreading gossip).
• Influence on attitudes and beliefs. The “correct” presentation of information allows you to purposefully influence a person’s subjective opinion on any issue.
• Giving orders, making demands. An army order, a requirement from superiors, a doctor’s recommendation, a friendly proposal - all this also applies to the communicative side of communication.

The story of the Tower of Babel

As we have already found out, the communicative function of culture is that it ensures communication between people in the process of any activity. First of all, the need for such interaction arises during joint work.

A very clear example of the communicative function of culture is the biblical story of the Tower of Babel.

After the flood, the sons of Noah and their wives had many children, and then grandchildren. There were a lot of people, and they all spoke the same language. And then they decided to erect a huge tower as tall as God and thereby “make a name for themselves rather than be scattered throughout the whole earth.”

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People set to work with enthusiasm - some of them made bricks, others kneaded clay, others carried materials to the foot of the tower. The building grew before our eyes. God did not like their ambitions and plans, and so he came down from heaven and confused the languages ​​of all people.

The next morning they woke up and could not understand each other - brothers and sisters, parents and children spoke different languages. Construction slowed down greatly and then stopped altogether. People scattered all over the earth and founded their own cities and countries.

If we ignore the religious and moral component of the biblical parable, this story is very valuable from a cultural point of view. It clearly shows that the communicative function of culture ensures effective interaction between people, without which it is impossible to achieve common goals.

Characteristics of the communicative function of speech

Tatiana Adasenko

Characteristics of the communicative function of speech

Preschool childhood is the first period of a child’s mental development; in this regard, it is the most important and responsible, since it is at this age that the foundations of all mental properties and personality traits, cognitive processes and types of activities are laid.

One of the most important acquisitions of preschool childhood is speech, which begins to develop in infancy. In early childhood, as the child’s activities become more complex and the available areas of activity expand, communication with adults becomes more difficult, and the need for speech increases , which in turn stimulates the development of active speech , which turns into a means of communication. Speech begins to acquire a communicative function , and subsequently a generalizing, planning, regulating and symbolic function.

Speech is a form of communication that has developed historically in the process of material transformative activity of people, mediated by language and one of the types of communicative activity.

Speech arose in a team as a means of coordinating joint work activities and as one of the forms of manifestation of emerging consciousness.

Speech as a psychological phenomenon is usually understood as a special type of activity (along with labor, cognitive, mnemonic, etc.)

and as speech acts or operations included in
the listed activities ;
in this sense, speech correlates with such categories as thinking, memory, etc. From the point of view of psychology and physiology, speech is one of the highest mental functions of a person . The physiological basis of speech is a complex organization of several functional systems , partly specialized, partly serving other types of activities. This organization is multi-membered and multi-level and includes both elementary physiological mechanisms of the “stimulus-response”

, and specific mechanisms, having a hierarchical structure and
characteristic exclusively of higher forms of speech activity.
In the psychophysiological organization of speech there are fully automated components, but there are also conscious ones (the content is realized, as well as sometimes the verbal composition, grammar and even the sound side of speech ): the nature of awareness depends on the type of speech , the level of development of the speaker’s speech skills, the social situation and other factors.

Linguistics studies speech as one of two main categories - “language - speech”

in their unity and opposition. Speech is usually understood as the implementation of the language system: language is potency, virtual (existing as an abstraction, social; speech is implementation, actual, individual.

From the point of view of psychological and pedagogical science, speech is a condition for the full existence of a person in society, since it has an active character and is the leading means and form of communication.

L. S. Vygotsky emphasizes the pronounced social nature of speech . In his opinion, initially, from the moment of his birth, the child is included in the continuous process of communication and is an active subject of society. The studies of L. S. Vygotsky trace a close relationship between speech and the human psyche.

Speech has a number of functions :

- designations - each word, assumption has a certain content;

-messages - transfer of information, knowledge, experience;

- expressions - detection through intonation, stress, construction, use of comparisons, proverbs, etc. feelings, needs, relationships;

-impacts - an incentive to complete tasks, to be active, to change views.

Researchers highlight the communicative function of speech .

The communicative function of speech is the most important and historically the earliest. It arises on the basis of more elementary, pre-verbal forms of communication (visual, with the help of facial expressions and hand movements)

.

Communication (from English, communicate - report, transfer)

- one of the aspects of human communication is informational, which involves the exchange between people of ideas, ideas, value orientations, emotions, feelings, moods, etc.
Communication is carried out through the interaction of people.
L. A. Wenger notes that when two or more people exchange messages, there is a need for mutual understanding. People can talk to each other, achieving a subtle understanding, or, despite their efforts, never understand each other. There are meanings and meanings behind words.

Meaning is the content side of a word as a sign. Each word carries a sign of an object or phenomenon assigned to it as a sign. In other words, meaning is a generalized reflection of reality and norms of activity developed by humanity and recorded in concepts.

Meaning is the meaning of a word, refracted through the prism of individual practical experience. Meaning is associated with a person’s motives, his value orientations, that is, with his position in life.

Meaning and significance characterize the psychological structure of a person’s consciousness and individualize it.

Communication as the exchange of messages promotes mutual understanding between people. In order to achieve it, people use one language, traditionally developed, individually colored expression and other means. However, mutual understanding does not always arise. This is explained by the fact that people can relate to the same phenomenon differently; there can be social, political, moral, professional and other differences between people.

In cases where there is no mutual understanding, affectivity (arousal)

communicating.
Affectivity does not contribute to mutual understanding, but, on the contrary, aggravates misunderstanding at the verbal and emotional levels. Therefore, it should be remembered that successful communication ensures constant attention to communication partners and readiness to correct one’s relationships and assessments during communication.
Speech communication is invariably dialogical in nature . Being a form of communication mediated by language, speech acts as a universal communication system , since it is the most expressive and capacious means of communication .

According to I. A. Zimnyaya, speech activity is an active, purposeful, mediated by the language system and conditioned by the communication situation, the process of transmitting or receiving a message.

In the structure of speech communication I. A. Winter includes:

1. The meaning and meaning of words and phrases. The accuracy of the use of the word, its expressiveness and accessibility, the correct construction of the phrase and its intelligibility, the correct pronunciation of sounds and words, the expressiveness and meaning of intonation play an important role.

speech rate (fast, medium, slow, voice pitch modulation (smooth, sharp, voice pitch (high, low), rhythm (uniform, intermittent, timbre (rolling, hoarse, creaky, intonation, speech ). Observations show that the most attractive in communication is a smooth, calm, measured manner of speech .

3. Expressive qualities of the voice: characteristic specific sounds that arise during communication: laughter, grunting, crying, whispering, sighs, etc.; separating sounds are coughing; zero sounds are pauses, as well as nasalization sounds - “hmm-hmm”, “uh-uh”, etc.

The most common method of communication is oral speech.

Oral speech is communication using linguistic means perceived by ear. It is divided into monologue and dialogic.

Monologue speech is a person’s extended speech addressed to other people. Monologue speech requires high speech culture; it must be grammatically formatted. An essential feature of monologue speech is the need for logical coherence of the thoughts expressed and the subordination of the presentation to a specific plan.

Monologue speech evolved from dialogic speech .

Dialogue is the original, universal component of verbal communication.

Dialogical, or colloquial, speech is an alternating exchange of remarks or detailed debates between two or more people. A remark is the answer, objection, remark of one interlocutor to the words of another. Dialogical speech is a particularly striking manifestation of the communicative function of speech . Oral dialogic speech occurs in a specific situation and is accompanied by gestures, facial expressions, and intonation. Hence the linguistic design of the dialogue. Speech in it may be incomplete, abbreviated, sometimes fragmentary. The dialogue is characterized : colloquial vocabulary and phraseology; brevity, reticence, abruptness; simple and complex non-union sentences; brief premeditation. The coherence of the dialogue is ensured by two interlocutors. Dialogue speech is characterized by involuntary and reactive behavior. It is very important to note that dialogue is characterized by the use of templates and clichés, speech stereotypes, stable communication formulas, habitual, frequently used and seemingly attached to certain everyday situations and topics of conversation. Speech clichés make dialogue easier. Dialogical speech is simulated not only by internal, but also by external motives (the situation in which the dialogue takes place, the interlocutor’s remarks)

.

In general, dialogic speech is simpler than monologue: it is condensed, and much is implied in it thanks to the knowledge and understanding of the situation by the interlocutor. Here, non-linguistic communicative means acquire independent meaning and often replace the utterance. Dialogical speech can be situational and contextual.

Situational speech is associated with a specific visual situation and does not fully reflect the content of thought in speech forms. It is understandable only when taking into account the situation being described. The speaker widely uses gestures, facial expressions, and demonstrative pronouns.

In contextual speech, unlike situational speech, its content is clear from the context itself. The difficulty of contextual speech is that it requires constructing a statement without taking into account the specific situation, relying only on linguistic means.

In most cases, situational speech has the nature of a conversation , and contextual speech has the nature of a monologue .

The dialogue is based on four types of communicative . These include questions that by the age of five have a pronounced cognitive orientation, motivations (requests, suggestions, orders, commands, etc.)

and messages.
A special place is occupied by questions, motives and messages with negation, the appearance of which in speech in the second year of life is the basis for a sharp jump in speech .
Speech activity of people is organized in the same way as other types of activity. It has a preliminary orientation phase, which is carried out using indicative actions, a planning phase, an implementation phase - here executive actions are used - and a control phase. Speech activity is carried out under the control of thinking, attention, perception, memory and imagination of each of the participants in communication, therefore, both parties are responsible for the process of development of speech activity and the quality of the speech : the one who takes the initiative of speech communication, and the one to whom this is directed. speech.

Communication also appears in the children's team . A child’s desire to communicate with other people is innate; communication ability is written in his genetic code. They are born between children during play, joint work, in classes, etc.

To exchange information between the child and surrounding people, signals or signs are used - initially non-verbal, and then speech (verbal)
communication . Children use speech to communicate their desires. As opportunities for verbal communication increase, the child learns new concepts, his stock of knowledge and ideas about the outside world expands, and his thinking is formed. The communicative function of speech contributes to the development of communication skills with peers, develops the ability to play together, which is of great importance for the formation of adequate behavior, the emotional-volitional sphere and personality of the child.
The main stages that the ontogenetic development of communication in a person goes through until entering school can be presented and described as follows:

1. Age from birth to 2-3 months. Biological in content, contact communication that serves as a means of satisfying the organic needs of the child. The main means of communication is primitive facial expressions and elementary gestures.

2. Age from 2-3 months to 8-10 months. The initial stage of cognitive communication, associated with the beginning of the functioning of the main sense organs and the emergence of the need for new impressions.

3. Age from 8-10 months to approximately 1.5 years. The emergence of coordinated, verbal-nonverbal communication serving cognitive needs.

4. Age from 1.5 to 3 years. The emergence of business and gaming communication associated with the emergence of objective activities and games. The initial stage of separating business and personal communication.

5. Age from 3 to 6-7 years. The emergence of arbitrariness in the choice and use of a variety of natural, natural or acquired means of communication. Development of plot-role communication generated by inclusion in plot-role games.

Upon entering school, the child’s intellectual and personal growth accelerates. The content of communication deepens and becomes more diverse, its goals are differentiated, and the means are improved. Verbalization of communication occurs, business and personal communication are clearly distinguished and relatively independently of each other.

Thus, an analysis of the scientific literature led us to the conclusion that speech should be considered as a component of active, purposeful communicative behavior , a product and element of communication , since through speech a person is able to enter into numerous contacts, during which he replenishes and expands his horizons and establishes relationships with the natural, objective and social world around him.

The communicative function of speech is considered in the psychological and pedagogical literature as external speech behavior aimed at contacts with other people. It plays an important role for people’s communication: it ensures communication between people using language, with its help a person masters his own behavior, and also correctly builds your speech utterance, various movements and actions.

With the help of speech communications, the child's need for communication is satisfied. Speech communication of children is characterized by involvement in the practical interaction of preschoolers regarding various activities, as well as the exchange of messages, or communication using means of communication. Developing positive relationships among preschoolers, developing verbal and communication is an important task in raising a child.

Communication process

We have already found out that the communicative function of culture is to ensure unhindered communication between individual individuals, as well as between society and the individual.

People use all kinds of languages ​​to communicate. This includes not only natural, historically formed adverbs, but also all kinds of artificial languages ​​- codes, mathematical and physical formulas, signs and symbols.

All artificial languages ​​can be divided into two large groups. The first includes those created to replace natural language, and the most striking example is Esperanto, composed of words of Latin and Greek origin. This also includes Morse code and all kinds of gesture systems.

The second group includes languages ​​created to solve various problems. This primarily includes the language of mathematics and physics, computer coding language and various algorithms.

The communication process can be divided into three parts:

• information coding;
• transfer of information;
• decoding the message.

At all three stages, information may be lost or distorted. Why is this happening? It is quite obvious that the communicative function of culture is implemented unevenly throughout the globe.

Different natural conditions, historical background, and cultural processes form completely different human societies. Each of them develops a completely individual language, which is almost impossible to translate into other languages ​​without losing any part of the information.

This is facilitated by the presence of so-called linguistic lacunae - the absence in the lexical system of one language of a concept to designate any phenomenon or object.

This is quite easily illustrated by the Russian word “ruka”, for which there is no suitable definition in English, where the hand itself is divided into two components - hand (arm from the hand to the elbow) and arm (arm from the elbow and above).

It would seem that such a simple word can hardly create significant problems in communication, but foreign language learners will easily prove the opposite to you. How do you hold your baby? On hands. Should I use hand or arm for this?

And if difficulties arise in such simple cases, then what about more complex gaps, when not only a word, but an entire phenomenon or concept is absent in the recipient or source language?

Such linguistic dilemmas cause great damage to the communicative function of a culture, but at the same time give rise to interesting phenomena such as code switching. We'll talk about this further.

Phrasebook-style

We've sorted out the connection between functions and structures. Now another question for filling. Maybe then, well, this vocabulary and grammar, as well as listening, reading, writing and what else is included in teaching English? Since they themselves are not very helpful in surviving in the language jungle, then what good are they? Maybe then it’s enough to just focus on functions and learn everyday phrasebook-style phrases?

I’ll answer the question very soon, but I’ll start with the background. I once had an idea to conduct an experiment: every time I go to a new country, I will buy a phrase book and try to use phrases from there already in the area. It’s very good that I started my experiment with a thought experiment. I just imagined how all this would happen.

So I go, say, to Hungary and buy a Russian-Hungarian phrasebook. On the left is a phrase in Russian, on the right is a phrase in Hungarian, in the middle is the pronunciation, probably in Russian letters.

Walking around Budapest, I suddenly want to go to the library and catch a local on the street to ask how to get there.

Even if I can quickly find the right phrase... Or okay, I can prepare and find the right phrase in advance! In any case, most likely, I will pronounce it in such a way that no native speaker will understand his native language in such a monstrous performance. But it can only be monstrous when you don’t know or take into account your native pronunciation at all. How can I know it if I have a style phrasebook and pronunciation in Russian letters?

Okay, let’s say I pronounced the phrase more or less clearly (or the speaker couldn’t bear it and just looked at how the phrase looked in printed form). What happens next? Then the carrier will answer my question “How to get to the library?” and... I won't understand ANYTHING. Well, how can I understand if I haven’t studied the language for a day, haven’t listened to audio, haven’t studied vocabulary? No way.

That is, even if I get smart and somehow SAY the right phrase, I won’t UNDERSTAND what they will answer me. And if by some miracle I still understand (maybe the host will explain it with gestures or dance to me about it) and I have a new or clarifying question, where should I look for it? All over the phrasebook? Nooo, this is no longer communication, but a complete profanation.

So my little thought experiment saved me from a big epic fail. And so it will be with everyone who learns only functional phrases in the style of a phrasebook))

Code switching in linguistic culture

What is code switching? This is a concept that appeared at the intersection of linguistics and cultural studies. It became widespread among immigrants. This is a spontaneous switching from one language to another and back.

There is internal (insertion of one word) and external (insertion of a phrase or sentence) switching. Almost always, a similar phenomenon occurs at the site of a linguistic lacuna.

Let's consider the effect of code switching using the example of Russian Germans. In German there is a rather capacious word Termin, meaning a certain appointed time, a meeting. This includes an appointment with a doctor or hairdresser, or a planned meeting with friends. There is definitely no exact equivalent of this word in the Russian language, so most immigrants, after just a few months of living in Germany, stop looking for a Russian word suitable for each specific case, replacing it with a German one.

Communicative culture: concept, features, structure, functions

The effect of code switching is inextricably linked to the communicative culture of the speaker. What does this phenomenon mean? Let us consider the concept, features, structure and functions of communicative culture in more detail.

Communication culture is a set of knowledge and personal skills that ensure friendly communication with other individuals. Its structure is made up of basic communication skills - general literacy, accessibility of speech for the interlocutor, adequacy of the use of words and expressions, appropriateness of the chosen tone of the conversation, control over the psycho-emotional state.

Communicative culture is a connecting link, a component of all types of cultures. Without it, effective interaction is simply impossible. The child begins to comprehend communicative culture literally from birth - with songs and nursery rhymes, with the first poems and ditties, copying and tracing the tone, phrases and reactions of people close to him.

A person in the “communicative culture - individual” system is both a recipient and a donor. The formation of a communicative culture of an individual involves:

• development of a number of psychological and mental properties;
• mastery of means of communication;
• formation of social attitudes;
• development of communication skills.

Thus, we can conclude that the main function of communicative culture includes the formation of human thinking and the search for the most effective ways to interact with other people. Developing effective communication skills will allow you to feel confident in any company and in any conditions, as well as learn to influence the development of the situation in your own interests.

Types and functions of communication

Communicative interaction, along with external simplicity, is a complex multifaceted process that includes the establishment, formation and development of interpersonal contacts. Communication is the physical manifestation of the need of individuals for collective interaction. In the process of communication, there is an exchange of messages, perception and comprehension of the partner. Communicative interaction has its own individual structure, has its own goals, types and functions.

Psychology characterizes the levels, types, means and functions of communication from different aspects, which help to better understand the mechanism of communicative interaction. Without taking into account the characteristics of communication, it is very difficult to effectively interact with people. Types of communication and its functions are considered one of the core characteristics that make it possible to understand the very essence of interaction with another subject or society.

Types of communications are divided into formal, primitive, formal-role, business, interpersonal, manipulative and secular.

Formal communication involves the use of habitual behavior patterns (masks) during communication in order to hide one’s real emotions. With such communication, there is no desire to understand the partner.

Primitive communication implies mutual assessment by individuals of each other as an object capable of helping or, conversely, hindering. In such communication, the subject, having received what he wants, stops interaction.

Formal-role communication is built on the relationship between various social roles.

Business communication involves taking into account the characteristics of an individual’s personality and mood when communicating. This communication is always based on common business interests.

Interpersonal communication is based on deep understanding, perception and support by individuals of each other.

Manipulative communication is about acquiring benefits from communication. Secular communication is a non-objective interaction of subjects, in which they talk about what is necessary and accepted in society, and not their true thoughts.

The functions of communication are divided into intrapersonal, pragmatic, formation, development, confirmation, organization and maintenance, unification, separation and social functions. The intrapersonal communicative function involves the individual’s communication with himself. The pragmatic communicative function contains motivational reasons. The ability to influence partners contains a formative and developmental function. The function of confirmation is to enable individual knowledge and confirmation of oneself. The purpose of the functions of organizing and maintaining interpersonal interaction is to establish and maintain fruitful relationships. The function of combining and dissociating facilitates the translation of necessary data or differentiation.

Only by understanding the mechanisms of communication will an individual be able to differently evaluate this most important social tool that allows self-improvement and achieving goals. Social functions of communication represent the organization of joint activities, which covers management and control of behavior and activities.

Psychology considers the functions of communication to be the core properties that separate the manifestations of communication.

The role of the communicative function in artistic culture

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The main task of art, like language, is the preservation and transmission to subsequent generations of certain knowledge, skills and all kinds of information. Regardless of whether an artist, actor, musician or other cultural figure plans to convey certain information to other people or considers it only as a way of self-expression - art bears the imprint of the personality of the creator and the spirit of the time, and therefore is essentially a means communications.

What is the communicative function of culture and art? The whole point of the latter’s existence is to accumulate and transmit spiritual experience to other people. This means that art in itself is a unique means of communication not only between individuals, but also between different generations.

Being, however, a rather unique means of communication, art has its own specific features:

• Blurring boundaries. The communicative capabilities of any language are limited by the society of people who understand it. Art erases the boundaries between people, being a universal and accessible means of communication for everyone.
• Specificity of the task. If the goal of any verbal communication is to convey the maximum possible reliable information, then the task of art is to fill people with its ideological content and educate them spiritually.
• Uniqueness. If information encoded in one language can still be recoded into another, then a work of art is unique in nature - its value lies not only in content, but also in form. Thus, the magic of dance cannot be conveyed through painting, and the depth of painting cannot be expressed in any way through theatrical performances.

Facilities

Communication tools in psychology are divided into two main groups:

1. Verbal. The sign system through which information is transmitted is speech. This is a universal means of communication. During verbal communication, the meaning of information transmitted from subject to object is best learned. With the help of speech, the communicator (speaker) encodes information, and the recipient (listener) decodes it.
2. Nonverbal . Often the meaning of words spoken by a speaker varies depending on his non-verbal signals (gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, gaze, posture, pauses, etc.). That is, it is not what a person says that matters, but also how he says it.

Sports and communication: points of interaction

Sport plays one of the main roles in the life of society. Without it, the formation of a healthy society is impossible. Moreover, here we are talking not only about the physical, but also about the spiritual health of the nation.

How does sport influence spirituality, and what does it have to do with the process of communication?

Physical culture is a social phenomenon that is closely connected with all aspects of the life of a modern person - politics, economics, education and others.

Sport can change and shape a person’s body, while simultaneously changing his self-esteem, mood, and idea of ​​his own capabilities. These changes cannot but affect other areas of human activity.

The communicative function of physical culture is the formation of business and personal contacts between people, their communication and rapprochement through joint sports activities. In addition, physical education is one of the most important areas of international communication, a striking example of which is the Olympic Games.

Communication and Communication: Similarities and Differences

How is communication different from communication? Both processes are forms of interaction between people necessary for building interpersonal, business relationships .

However, there are a number of differences that do not allow the concepts to be combined into one common process:

Points of intersection of cultural functions

Culture performs many different functions in the life of society, which are studied by cultural studies. Like most sciences, cultural studies does not stand aside, but is in close interaction with other areas of humanities. In addition to cultural studies, for example, the sign and communicative function of culture is studied by linguistics.

To comprehend any cultural heritage, a person needs to master a certain sign system. Language as a means of interpersonal interaction is the object of study of linguistics.

Linguistic scientists study language from the point of view of its nature, functions, historical development, and internal structure. In turn, cultural scientists, based on the research of linguists, build their theories about the influence of language on the development of culture and society.

Communication structure

Any communication requires the presence of 4 mandatory elements:

• message (transmitted information);
• message sender (communicator);
• link;
• recipient of the message (recipient).

In the case of interpersonal communication, there is also a fifth element - feedback. Feedback is the recipient's reaction to a message, which the communicator takes into account. In the examples discussed above, feedback is present between the guy and the girl (they jointly decide how to spend the evening), as well as between the seller and the buyer. But in the example with advertising there is no feedback.

Accumulation and augmentation of information as the starting point of the function of culture

As we have already found out above, one of the most important functions of culture is the accumulation and transmission of experience, knowledge and information to future generations. Without knowledge of your past, without awareness of mistakes and their adequate assessment, it is impossible to form a full-fledged personality that is able to adequately predict the future.

To convey this experience, sign systems were invented - languages, codes, art. People used all the ways available to them to preserve knowledge about the past for children. In this way, the information and communication function of culture is realized.

Until the last moment, the means of storing this data were the natural individual and collective memory of the people, speech, material means - books, photographs, albums. Currently, an increasing part of collective culture is stored on electronic media.

Source

Stages of the communication process

Psychologists distinguish 5 stages in this process:

• Performance. The sender clearly imagines the thought that he wants to convey to the recipient.
• Embodiment. He embodies this thought in the form of a set of words, gestures or symbols.
• Broadcast. Information is transmitted to the recipient via the selected communication channel.
• Interpretation. The recipient decodes the information, turning it into his own thoughts (not always what the sender expected)
• Feedback. The recipient reacts to the message, and the sender reads this reaction.

Looking at this list, it is easy to guess that at each stage of the communication process there may be interference, due to which the meaning of the information will be distorted.