Problems and arguments for an essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian on the topic: Personality (table)

From this article you will learn about the formation of personality in society, and we will give clear examples from the literature.

Personality

Man is a personality

People often underestimate the influence of the environment, but it is so strong that the influence of the family is not able to “leap over”. Even the primary socialization of children occurs not only at home, but also outside it, for example, in the yard. So you can never tell in advance what a person will be like in the future. There are several examples that clearly show the formation of personality in society. Let's look at them.

The influence of society on the individual

1. Society always seeks to suppress the individual. A similar example can be found on the pages of the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" . Chatsky is perhaps the only sane person who openly talks about his vices and false ideas. For him, Molchalin is an empty and hypocritical careerist; Famusov is a selfish and vicious master; Skalozub is an ignorant soldier. However, everyone around does not want to listen to his revelations; on the contrary, his interlocutors convince the guest that not everything is all right with him, and they are living righteously. Alexander is unable to endure the “politics” of the Famusov house, so he leaves this swamp of limited people, thereby defending the individual’s right to individuality. His example proves that you should not follow the lead of the majority, even if you are the only warrior in the field.
2. However, not every person can be strong in soul. Sometimes society still wins in the struggle for the right to “own a personality.” Dmitry Startsev, the main character of the story by A.P. Chekhov's “Ionych” , fell into a circle of selfishness, vulgarity and lies, called “the values ​​of county life.” From a pleasant and kind young man, Dmitry turns into a semblance of a person who is usually called “Ionych”. He loses not only his name, but also his personality, forgetting that he dreamed of a different destiny - serving science and people. Therefore, in the finale he is disappointed in himself and in his previous ideals, finding the world around him empty and banal. This is what happens if a person succumbs to the pressure of the majority.
3. To destroy a person’s right to individuality is not the most terrible thing; it is much more terrible to kill in him the ability to follow the call of his heart. So, for example, the heroine of A. Kuprin’s story “Olesya” is a girl who lived her whole life away from a peasant village, not knowing either the behavior or the way of life of the people living there. She found true love, but chose to abandon her feelings when faced with the threats of a raging mob. Having beaten the “witch” who came to the church, people thought that she had sent them a spontaneous riot that destroyed the harvest as revenge. Then they decided to storm the “witch’s” home. Olesya was forced to flee. But she knew that she could not connect her life with the master, because the peasants would turn their anger on him too, so she left without saying goodbye. Obeying conventions and prejudices, she lost her personal happiness.

Epithets for the word “personality”

Authoritative, noble, outstanding, heroic, exceptional, historical, colorful, independent, unique, charming, gifted, original, attractive, original, bright, freedom-loving, creative, bright, artistic, sublime, impressionable, brilliant, chosen, noble, generous, refined, graceful, musical, poetic, talented, subtle, refined, artistic, sensitive, aesthetic, hare, broken, flint, fiery, lax, self-educated, active, restless, fearless, rich, cheerful, fighting, eccentric, domineering, power-hungry, strong-willed, receptive, flexible, deep, despotic, wild, lively, cheerful, mysterious, confused, exceptional, seeking, ebullient, strong, mighty, powerful, courageous, rebellious, persistent, remarkable, independent, frantic, unbridled, incomprehensible, restless, nervous, unbending, restless, indomitable, unbalanced, tireless, sociable, open, optimistic, responsive, agile, simple-hearted, direct, impetuous, ardent, versatile, rare, decisive, Russian, original, independent, free, restrained, sincere, Slavic, strong, complex, brave, persistent, passionate, extravagant, firm, temperamental, titanic, demanding, addicted, stubborn, fanatical, fanatical, integral, gypsy, pure, sensitive, generous, sensual, sensitive, broad, extravagant, eccentric, emotional, energetic, delicate, energetic.

Apathetic, apathetic, weak-willed, sluggish, rotten, closed, inert, icy, lazy, cowardly, deathly, dreamy, soft, shallow, uncommunicative, unemotional, pliable, subordinate, slavish, reflective, timid, loose, weak, contemplative, calm, dry, dull, solitary, phlegmatic, phlegmatic, cold, shameless, vile, criminal, vile, unattractive, base, insignificant, disgusting, disgusting, suspicious, vile, criminal, feigned, nasty, gray, slippery, wolfish, dual, two-faced, rude, oaky, soulful, caustic, bilious, brutal, spoiled, insidious, crafty, petty, petty, dishonest, base, suspicious, vulgar, irritable, selfish, quarrelsome, vain, narrow, predatory, callous, ambitious, selfish, selfish.

The problem of personality development

1. A sense of responsibility helps a person develop the ability to self-sacrifice and self-confidence. K. Vorobyov’s story “Killed near Moscow” has such qualities . Alexey Yastrebov cultivated courage and exactingness under the yoke of danger. Alexey is well aware of the fact that a real personality is capable of saving not only the Motherland, but also the right to personal interests and beliefs - that is why he rises to meet a German tank and wins a victory not so much over him as over his “I”.
2. Personality formation is a difficult and long process, but the cherished “finish line” is worth the effort and patience. of the novel, L.N., experienced the path of mistakes, losses and moral experiences. Tolstoy “War and Peace” - Pierre Bezukhov. He rushed from side to side, like the wind, which does not know which direction it needs to achieve its goal. Pierre survived betrayal, captivity and war, but this not only did not break him, but strengthened his character for new victories. In the end, he matured, settled down and found happiness in love, and discovered his destiny in the family and home, where the fate of his wife and children depends on his ability to lead the course in a long voyage.

The author's attitude to the problem

The main influence on the formation of human personality is exerted by society. Man and society are always closely interconnected and cannot exist separately from each other. It is the environment and surroundings in which a child grows that determines who he will become. If, for certain reasons, a person is forced to find himself outside of society, he feels loneliness, inferiority, and often even degrades. The privilege of being born as an individual is given to everyone, but it can only be preserved and developed through constant work on oneself.

The role of personality in history

1. Often the problem of personality in history presents a dual situation: on the one hand, a person can be a hero, and on the other, a villain. However, in both cases he makes an invaluable contribution to history, or a series of actions that entailed a whole bunch of different interpretations. So, for example, in the work of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Emelyan Pugachev is a liberator for the rebel peasants, and a murderer for the nobles and soldiers of the empress. The cruelty with which he deals with the nobility is not at all consistent with the mercy shown to Masha Grineva - this is the main problem with the role of an outstanding personality in history. It is difficult to evaluate objectively and unambiguously, because the power of the rebel was sometimes more humane than the tyranny of the empress, and in their approaches to enemies they were completely indistinguishable. But the chronicles of past years are written by the victors, and the image of the bloody Pugachev era was written by the hand of Catherine the Great.
2. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” reveals the problem of the role of the individual in history using the example of Kutuzov and Napoleon. There is no doubt that both military leaders were distinguished by unprecedented bravery and courage, but they were distinguished by their commonality with the people. According to Tolstoy, Kutuzov was united with the interests of society, while Napoleon thought only about his own greatness. In addition, in the case of the Russian commander, the author’s point of view on the problem posed is visible: history is made by the people, not their leader. The Russian field marshal only expresses the will to victory common to all; he does not personally strive to get into the front row of the historical arena. But the French emperor is trying to decide the fate of the world alone and suffers a well-deserved defeat. Tolstoy always gave the decisive role to society, the collective, the ethnic group, and not to one representative of the human race. And this is correct, because it was not two military leaders who fought and won victories, but two peoples.
3. In the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov" the Tsar's favorite insulted the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov. Then the man stands up for the honor of the family and strikes before the battle, telling Kiribeevich about the upcoming battle. Naturally, he wins the duel, but dies from the “justice” of the king, refusing to reveal the reason for his retribution, so as not to discredit his wife. In this example, it is clear that a person cannot change the course of history, it goes on as usual: harsh times make an honest merchant a victim of tyranny. However, the heroism and courage of such people over the course of decades still change the vector of development of society, because now morals are much softer, and the court is less biased. This means that an individual can make his contribution to history, only he will be modest, and the result will be gradual.

Formation of human personality

The process of personality formation is the emergence in an individual of historically formed human qualities. What quality will manifest itself in a person depends on several factors.

Personality formation factors:

• Education in childhood and self-education in adulthood

The role of the family in the formation of personality cannot be overestimated. The educational function is the main function of the social institution of the family.

In full-fledged and prosperous families, harmoniously developed individuals grow up. Unresolved childhood problems become factors that prevent a person from developing. The child learns to be a member of society by listening and copying his parents.

Children copy the styles and patterns of behavior, roles, strategies, habitual types of thinking and expressions of feelings of significant adults. Values ​​and ideals, positive and negative (for example, anxiety and suspiciousness) qualities are unconsciously adopted from parents.

Later, parental instructions turn into an “inner voice”, and such moral qualities as conscience, honor, morality and others are formed (or not formed). Becoming an adult, a person uses the knowledge given by his parents about socially approved and acceptable behavior and develops new ones.

• Genetics

People are different because no one person has the same set of genes. A person receives some of the characteristics and components of individuality at birth with a set of genes.

The child experiences and is able to express basic emotions from the first days of life; temperament is determined from birth. Regarding the genetic factor, the role of the family in the formation of personality is no less important than in education. Some mental illnesses are genetically transmitted.

Social influence of reference (significant) groups, relatives, friends, colleagues and other people from the close environment.

• Life experience

Every event that happens to a person affects his inner world, especially if it is a significant incident. Individual experiences can change the course and direction of life. A person develops willpower, character, develops abilities, finds or loses motivation under the influence of events that have happened in his life.

• Mentality and culture

The mentality is influenced by the environment and climate in which representatives of a particular nationality live. Mentality can be defined as the “character” of a people. For example, in southern countries, people are usually active, emotional, and temperamental.

Culture, moral values ​​and morality prevalent in society are instilled in people from birth and guide the process of personality formation. In some cultures, people behave more freely, naturally and casually, while in others, restraint is cultivated, and the need to strictly adhere to the rules of behavior.

Personality formation factors influence it whenever a person finds himself in a new sociocultural environment. The formation of a personality, in essence, is a series of a person’s entry into a new social community and the result of staying in it. How individuality is formed and manifests itself in a particular environment depends on the success of the three phases of development.

Phases of personality development:

• Adaptation

The formation of personality occurs through its acceptance of norms and forms of activity in a social community. The individual strives and to some extent becomes the same as all other people.

• Personalization

At the second stage, a person, realizing that he is “like everyone else,” searches, finds and shows his individual characteristics, actively strives for personalization.

• Integration

This phase determines not only the formation of personality, but also the development of the society in which a person operates. An individual must successfully harmonize his individuality with society and demonstrate those unique distinctive qualities that are useful for people. By benefiting society, a person develops.

If these stages of personality development are not completed, disintegration occurs and the person is not accepted by society. He is either forced out, or he himself isolates himself from people. The formation of personality during disintegration stops and can be reversed. If a person returns to earlier stages of his development, his degradation occurs.

Loneliness of an individual in a crowd

1. An individual can rebel against society and do it extremely successfully, if you look at it from the side of the “everyman.” So, for example, Grigory Melekhov, the main character of M. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don” , goes against the foundations of the society where “fathers” rule, and not the younger generation; where marriage and work are valued above all else, and cheating is considered an unacceptable “trick.” Gregory violates everything that his family built, recognizing neither moral principles nor life values. He is alone in his views, but not in life. However, fate, crushed by the war, still leads him to the tragedy of loneliness: he loses everyone who was dear to him. Due to his eternal tossing and turning, he was unable to save any of the women, and in the finale we see him as a driven man, disillusioned with everything.
2. Not all people who are “excommunicated” from society are capable of being happy. writes about this on the pages of his novel “Fathers and Sons”. Turgenev , contrasting the “old” views on the structure of life with the “new” ones that Bazarov shares. He does not find support either among the nobility or among the peasantry “close” to him. Bazarov was lonely not only in his views, but also in his personal life, having been rejected by the woman he loved, moving away from his family and losing a friend. On his deathbed, Evgeniy realizes that the country doesn’t need him either.
3. Using the example of Pechorin, the main character of M.Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time,” one can see how lonely an outstanding but superfluous person is. Pechorin is truly an exceptional person, but far from simple: he plays with the destinies of other people, without taking into account either their feelings or the possibility of changing their destinies. And he performs all these actions only in order to separate himself from the concepts and stereotypes of society. He entertains himself in an attempt to relieve the need for a truly close and understanding person. He is very lonely, and we see confirmation in the scene where Gregory throws himself on his knees and sobs, having lost Vera forever. Of course, he himself is largely the cause of his misfortunes, but still we feel sorry for this lost wanderer, innocent of his fatal exclusivity, which separates him from society.

Freedom and permissiveness of the individual

1. Does a person have a chance to break out of the vicious circle of social evils? This question was posed in the play “At the Lower Depths” by M. Gorky . By contrasting the defender of the truth - Satin - and the new inhabitant of the shelter - Luka, the author declares the high purpose of people, about their strength, which is revealed only in the presence of truth. If the poor opened their eyes to what brought them to the bottom, what does not let them out, then they would get out into the light. But, drowning in fantasies and consolations, they become slaves to fiction and their own powerlessness. According to Gorky, it is necessary to soberly assess the situation, look for ways out of it, and not indulge oneself with illusions and justifications, inventing other chances and worlds. Only in this way does a person gain freedom and the proud right to be called a “man.”
2. V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk” contains the story of a real person who is ready to defend his moral convictions, despite life circumstances. Teacher Moroz, who has always taught children honesty and justice, stands on the brink of good and evil, where evil is the refusal of one’s own words, and therefore of oneself. If the opportunity to escape meant a limitation of his principles, then the death he preferred was nothing more than “moral freedom of the individual.” He overcame his fears, conquered doubts and became what he always wanted to be.
3. F.M. answered the question about freedom and permissiveness of the individual. Dostoevsky in the novel Crime and Punishment , where the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, killed an old money-lender in order to prove the correctness of his theory. He believed that he had the right to control the destinies of this world, but the writer does not recognize such a right even for a talented young man, because such a kind of blood justice opens up to the individual the spaces of permissiveness, anarchy, which destroys not only the person himself, but also the world around him. Independence ends where the freedom of another living being begins. This is the golden moral rule that defines the boundaries of our will.

Author: Alina Proshina
Interesting? Save it on your wall!

Examples from life

1. Emelyan Pugachev is a vivid example of a person who was a hero for some people, and a criminal for others. For the rebel peasants he was a liberator, and for the nobles he was a murderer. The future rebel was born into a Don Cossack family, so a freedom-loving disposition was in his blood. It was in these places that Pugachev’s predecessor, Stepan Razin, was born a century earlier. At the age of eighteen, Emelyan entered military service and immediately found himself in a military campaign against Prussia. He then took part in the Seven Years' War and the Russian-Turkish War. After 10 years, he reached the rank of standard bearer, but served there for only a year, deserting from the army to the North Caucasus. The reason for Pugachev’s rebellious inspiration was the adoption of the imperial decree “On the liberties of the nobility,” in which serfdom was consolidated for another hundred years. At that time, free settlements of Cossacks, merchants and fugitive peasants grew throughout Russia. People longed for freedom, but nothing changed. A conflict was brewing between representatives of the oppressed population and the landowners, Pugachev simply took the position of leader, expressing the people's idea. The peasants saw in him the ruler of a free state, therefore, without hesitation, they followed their leader. Pugachev often resorted to lies in order to please everyone without exception. After an unsuccessful rebellion, the peasant leader was arrested and sent to lifelong hard labor, from which he managed to escape in the first year of imprisonment. Hearing about the suppression of the Yaik uprising, Pugachev went to the Urals, deciding to present himself as the legitimate heir to the throne as Peter III. He wanted to lead the Cossack army in order to return control of the state to the deposed emperor through deception. The former Cossack really dreamed of creating a peasant kingdom, headed by a peasant tsar. His naive dreams found a response in the hearts of dissatisfied peasants and Cossacks, so they turned a blind eye to how their leader was moving towards his goal. Pugachev used methods of bloody violence and carried out terrible reprisals against state military personnel and landowners. Due to numerous robberies and robberies, Pugachev’s army was called a gang. Now historical sources disagree on whether the cities and villages that were attacked by Pugachev were waiting for the liberation, or were simply afraid of the cruel rebel. The result of the Peasant War was the destruction of more than 3,000 noble families and the destruction of a large number of factories, Orthodox churches, fortresses and entire cities. Pugachev never managed to bring his original ideas to life; the freedom fighter was mired in bloody crimes. The result of his actions was the death sentence of Catherine II.
2. A striking example of the loss of one’s own identity is the Orthodox girl of noble origin, Ksenia Grigorieva Petrova, who lived in St. Petersburg in the 18th century. Her husband was a court singer, who eventually reached the rank of colonel. The sudden death of her husband shook the twenty-six-year-old girl to the core; she decided to renounce all worldly goods, including herself. Ksenia chose the difficult path of foolishness, which meant deliberately appearing stupid and insane. The meaning of such a sacrifice was to give God the most valuable thing a person has - the mind, and thus to beg the Almighty for the repentance of the soul of a suddenly deceased beloved. Ksenia abandoned everything she had: wealth, nobility, kinship, even her own personality. She donated her husband’s house to a friend renting a room from them, distributed all the property to the poor, renounced her name, answering only to her husband’s name, dressed in his clothes and said that he was alive, and Ksenia Petrova died. Relatives and friends of their family believed that the widow was distraught with grief and were very sorry for her. After the funeral, the girl went to wander the streets of St. Petersburg. She wandered for days on end: in heat, cold, rain, snow, being subjected to constant bullying and ridicule. Her strange outfit, meekness and unintelligible speeches always gave rise to evil people. But blessed Ksenia prayed incessantly and resignedly endured all insults, continuing her saving feat. At this time, construction began on a stone church at the Smolensk cemetery. The structure was already quite high and the builders had to first lift the bricks onto the scaffolding and then continue the laying. Ksenia decided to help good people in their difficult task and at night she began lifting bricks alone to the top rows of scaffolding. In the morning the workers were amazed, wondering who their invisible helper was. One day, coming to the church at night, they saw the crazy Ksenia lifting heavy bricks. Over time, people began to understand that the girl was not just crazy, there was something about her. She accepted alms only from kind and honest people, giving it immediately to other beggars. During the day she always wandered around the city, and at night she went to the field, where she whiled away the time in prayer. Soon, those around her began to notice that Ksenia’s words and actions contained a deep meaning: if she asked a person for something, then trouble was knocking on his house, and if, on the contrary, she gave, joy awaited the person. Later, everyone began to ask her for blessings - merchants for a successful trade, mothers for their children, sick people for healing. Ksenia of Petersburg spent forty-five years in the feat of foolishness. More than 200 years have passed since her death, but the people's memory of the blessed one does not dry out and now she is canonized.