Strategies, tactics, models and styles of behavior in conflict

When describing a person’s behavior in a conflict, it is appropriate to talk about his strategy, tactics, model and style of behavior. What is the difference?

Let's define each element:

1. A strategy of behavior in a conflict is a plan to achieve the goal of the conflict, the subject’s attitude towards conflicts in general, and not with a specific person and not in specific conditions.
2. Tactics of behavior in conflict are techniques, means of achieving a goal that correspond to the chosen strategy. As a rule, the set is limited.
3. A model of behavior in a conflict is actions, words and deeds that reflect the experience, worldview and individual psychological characteristics of a person (character, temperament).
4. Behavior style in conflict is a person’s behavior directly when in contact with a certain person, in certain situations.

Now let's look at each component in more detail.

Strategies

In psychology, it is customary to distinguish the following strategies:

1. Rivalry . Victory is more important than resolving the conflict. This strategy assumes the complete victory of one of the parties.
2. Evasion . The participant takes the position of a victim, refuses to discuss anything or take any action. Those around them help and feel sorry for the victim, but the conflict remains unresolved.
3. Compromise . Both participants make concessions to satisfy as many of each other's needs as possible. However, the conflict still remains unresolved, and discontent persists.
4. Device . The goal is to maintain good relationships. A person is ready to sacrifice something in order to continue to be friends with him. With this approach, minor conflicts can resolve themselves, but with serious contradictions this will only aggravate the situation.
5. Cooperation . The goal is to eliminate the cause of the conflict and resolve the problem. Both participants communicate a lot, express their needs and desires, listen to their opponent, and are interested in making sure that both feel as good as possible.

Causes of destructive behavior

Any model of behavior is laid down and formed in childhood. At the age of 4-5 years, a child learns information that will determine his relationships with others. A full-fledged family, whose members show care and attention to each other, has a beneficial effect on the formation of the child’s psyche and lays constructive behavioral foundations. Thus, people who have not received competent education, love and warmth are at risk.

Important! Children often adopt the destructive behavior patterns of their parents.

Scientists have concluded that destructive behavior develops successfully against the background of the following factors:

• the presence of massive social deviations (alcoholism, crime, bureaucracy);
• situational deviations (the presence of speculation, marriages of convenience, etc.);
• weakening measures of social influence (reducing the level of condemnation, criticism from outside);
• liberalization of measures to combat destructive behavior (absence of fines and punishments for offenses and deviations).

Tactics

Each strategy corresponds to a specific set of tactics.

Rivalry:

• strict control over the actions and sources of information of the other party;
• systematic pressure (physical, psychological, moral);
• deception, flattery, manipulation, cunning, “set-ups”, provocations;
• refusal to make contact, to discuss anything (the person adheres to the position “I have my opinion and it’s wrong - there’s nothing to discuss”).

Evasion:

• demonstrative avoidance of discussion (“I was offended”, “don’t touch me”);
• refusal to use physical force;
• ignorance and mistrust, refusal to collect information and analyze facts;
• shifting responsibility;
• delaying decision making;
• denial of the conflict.

Compromise:

• bargaining and discussion of problems, active negotiations;
• deception and flattery (needed to convince an opponent that he has certain qualities).

There is an attitude towards equal sharing of benefits.

Device:

• agreement in everything, constant concessions;
• demonstrative reluctance to enter into confrontation;
• flattery, servility, indulgence.

Cooperation:

• collecting information about the opponent, problem, conflict;
• analysis of your resources and the capabilities of your opponent;
• selection and presentation of alternative solutions;
• open discussion identifying specific problems;
• listening and accepting the opponent’s position.

Personality as a subject and object of social relations

Life shows that no matter how different and incomprehensible people are to each other, they will

together, if the subject of their attention is the joy of their neighbor and their own ability to rejoice in him. A

therefore, every person should strive for plasticity, flexibility in relationships, to be easy on

transitions from dominance to dependence, from openness to greater autonomy, etc. The easier it will be

these transitions, the less often a person pays attention to them, the less mutual resentment, irritation,

discontent, conflicts. The desire to better understand your loved ones, friends, colleagues, to see in a new way

3 pages, 1113 words

Psychogenetics of human behavior. Behavior patterns

... this or that family, intertwined with life circumstances, develops into a certain pattern of behavior, invariably repeated from generation to generation. A model of behavior is a stable, specific, ... GENOGRAM, we analyze the relationships that have existed and continue to exist in the family. A stable MODEL OF BEHAVIOR or PATTERN can be not only negative, as in the above ...

relationships with them, learning to constructively overcome difficulties of mutual understanding are the main

factors of interaction between people in society.

When talking about an individual, we usually mean an individual, a person or

individuality. These concepts, being the same in meaning, are not completely synonymous, they are not identical.

They define different aspects of a person’s essence.

An individual is a living organism, a biological

being of the human race and in this capacity his birth, inherent in him, is recorded

physiological state and psyche, possibilities of adaptation to the social environment. Individual –

subject of existence, element of the social system of material production and consumption,

which at the same time is formed and developed in the process of activity, assimilation and reproduction

established methods of work and management determined during the historical movement.

Personality expresses a broader set of human qualities than the individual, which

are formed under the influence of both natural properties inherent in all people and social factors.

If a person is born an individual, he becomes a person, to one degree or another overcoming

inconsistency and relative independence of their natural, social and spiritual essences,

showing the ability to understand and transform the surrounding world. Unlike the individual, personality

not a statistician of historical development, but an actively acting subject and object of social relations and

connections.

Individuality is the manifestation of the traits of a specific personality with its originality and uniqueness,

a measure of how an individual differs from others of his own kind. This is a man, as if in a single copy, in all his

originality, including external features, character specificity, intelligence capabilities, etc. So, to

For example, the individual qualities of a person are emphasized when they state: Adam Smith, whose

his name is inscribed in the annals of world history as a classic of political economy, the founder

labor theory of value and a number of other economic doctrines, was the most educated person of his

time, possessing extensive knowledge and impeccable moral authority.

Foreign and domestic psychologists understand the subject as a personality or human

a community that is extremely active and persistent in achieving its goals

goals, create their own destiny, enriching themselves with life experience.

The object of public relations

people act when they are passive, completely subordinate to external circumstances,

being content with the smallest results of their own activities.

Each individual person is a social being, possessing self-awareness, actively

active, i.e. capable of work, creativity, and purposeful change in the surrounding world. Before

23 pages, 11283 words

Development of a young person’s personality through intellectual and creative games

... conditions for enhancing the cognitive activity of adolescents with deviant behavior" (M., 1996) S.V. Kalinina identifies the following requirements for activating... CREATIVE GAMES AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPMENT AND CORRECTION OF THE PERSONALITY OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUTH. Despite the rather extensive... attempts at theoretical analysis of this phenomenon are being carried out by people far from practice, and practical developments are not...

In all, what is important is a person’s inherent ability to work and other activities that include a goal,

the means, the result and the process of expedient action. Every person is a representative

state, nation, class or layer and acts respectively as a citizen, representative of the nation,

worker, peasant or intellectual. It is in deeds, creation, creativity that a person not only

discovers and manifests himself, but in them he is formed and develops as a personality.

Possessing social certainty, the individual is included in one or another type of social

relationships as a bearer of specific qualities of the corresponding communities. Outside public

relations there is no personality, and outside of social-class relations there is no political personality. Personality

lives in time and can evaluate itself by comparing it with itself in the past or in the desired future. Many

psychologists believe that self-esteem is not enough for self-esteem. Each self-assessment indicates the severity of

as much of a given quality in a person as of the degree of his deviation from some standard, point

reference in assessment. (1)

Personality is a multidimensional phenomenon. “There are hours,” wrote George Sand, “when I escape from the very

myself when I feel like grass, a bird, the top of a tree, a cloud, running water, the horizon,

color, shape and sensations, transient, indefinite;... I live in what constitutes the environment

development, which is, as it were, an extension of my own being.” (2) Scientists often ask themselves

question: “Where are the primary sources of self-knowledge, where is the Self born, which is destined to see itself kinder

how…?" From a materialistic point of view, the determining role of relationships with other people in the development of

personality was first conceptualized by Ludwig Feuerbach. “The individual,” he wrote, “is like something

the isolated does not contain human essence either as a moral being or as a

thinking

The human essence is present only in communication, in the unity of man with man, in

a unity based only on the reality of the difference between I and Thou.” (3) These ideas became some of the

key in Marxism: “... a person first looks, as in a mirror, into another person.” (4)

People are born free and equal in their human dignity and rights, nevertheless

the realities are not the same. From the unconditional recognition of the fact of the diversity of people it follows

the conclusion that there is no person consisting only of merits, without any flaw or

weaknesses. In order to better understand people, be conscious of conflicts and understand those

the reasons by which they are caused, you need to know complete information about the person with whom you are communicating and

interact. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that the behavior of any person, his actions and deeds

determine the individual’s reaction to a particular life situation.

Psychologists call the main qualities of a person - intellectual, strong-willed and

emotional. Intellectual qualities include such properties as thinking, combination

6 pages, 2524 words

Psychological characteristics of a person. Character and temperament 3-4

...the fault of the victims themselves. Therefore, the study of such mental qualities of a person as emotionality, temperament, will, character, intelligence and morality will allow us to study the mental state in... self-control is weakened, which can lead to injury. A change in a person’s mental state is possible from prolonged use of alcohol, medications containing narcotic substances, ...

a person’s knowledge, his desire for truth, as well as his views, principles and life position. Strong-willed

qualities are associated, first of all, with motives that encourage action, manifestation of abilities

a person, his disposition towards other people. Emotional qualities absorb the most

various nervous arousals, experiences and feelings associated with such moral values,

like goodness, duty, honor, friendship, love, etc. Emotions taken together can effectively signal

actualization of vital forces, about the individual’s readiness to bring benefits to people, to be responsible to society and

yourself for your actions.

Among the most important properties of a person, which accumulate his qualities with their special social

justice, responsibility and legal awareness stand out as important. All these personality traits, without

doubts influence the emergence of conflicts, their subsequent development and resolution. Specialists

focus on one more property of a person - reflection, i.e. self-analysis by each of their knowledge

and actions, thinking about their boundaries and meaning, how they are perceived and evaluated

other people.

A number of human qualities inherent in him genetically deserve special attention. First of all,

there is an indirect relationship between conflict and temperament - those stable

properties of an individual that characterize the dynamic features of the psyche of a given person, including

since the time of Hippocrates to sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric or melancholic people. It is known that

a sanguine person is active and quick, gets along with people easily, is cheerful and active, but cannot tolerate

monotony and monotonous work. The phlegmatic person is more restrained in behavior and patient, controls himself, but

as a rule, little active. Choleric people can be quick-tempered and overly straightforward, often demonstrating

high performance, his activity and energy alone either go over the edge or experience temporary

decline A melancholic person is impressionable, emotional and responsive, but often shows indecision and

slowness, does not adapt well to new conditions, experiences failures painfully, easily falls into

despondency. The influence of individual make-up, clearly expressed mental properties of a person on his

conflict appears to be more noticeable. Temperament has a significant impact on behavior

person in interpersonal conflicts. For example, a choleric person can easily be drawn into a conflict situation, and

A phlegmatic person, on the contrary, is difficult to anger.

An important role in the emergence and development of conflict is played by personality traits, its basic

characteristics. There are two main psychological axes of personality: extraversion - introversion;

emotional instability – emotional stability. Extroverts are people who demand

constant stimulation, “feeding” from the external environment. They are sociable and eager to try new things.

impressed, prone to risk, love change. Introverts derive incentives for vital activity from

from the inside, they live mainly by their inner world. They are reserved, love order, are friends with few people,

but faithfully. Emotionally unstable people are characterized by constant emotional

11 pages, 5086 words

Test “description of behavior in conflict by K. Thomas” 3 Diagnostic methodology ...

... Results of a study of the relationship between behavior in conflict and individual typological characteristics of a person 3.1 Results of the Eysenck questionnaire 3.2 Results of the test “description of behavior in conflict by K. Thomas” 3.3 ... (12) Interpersonal conflict reveals a lack of agreement in the existing system of interaction between people. They have opposing opinions, interests, points of view, views...

tension, the experience of personal threat, increased sensitivity to failures and mistakes.

Emotionally stable people - they are characterized by emotional balance, inability

deeply empathize with other people's experiences. This typology of character traits was given by Karl

Jung (1875-1961) in the book “Psychological Types” (1921), which is still considered one of

the most convincing and is widely used in both theoretical and practical psychology.

According to the views of A. Adler, the formation of personality character occurs in the first five years of life

person. During this period, he experiences the influence of unfavorable factors, which give rise to

he has an inferiority complex. Subsequently, this complex has a significant impact on

a person’s behavior, activity, way of thinking, etc.

This typology convincingly shows that people’s characters are different (at least there is

16 types of characters).

Misunderstandings due to mismatched character types begin when

only their own preferences are uncompromisingly defended. The better people know the traits

their character, the more fruitful their interaction with other people will be. The essence of Eric's theory

Erikson (1902-1994) is that he put forward and substantiated the idea of ​​the stages of psychosocial

personal development, each of which each person experiences his own crisis. But on every

At the age stage, either a favorable overcoming of a crisis situation occurs, or an unfavorable one.

The level of personal development is another important factor influencing the emergence of interpersonal

conflict. Personality develops and improves in the process of its socialization, active assimilation and

reproduction of social experience. A person has to adjust his actions in accordance with

generally accepted norms and rules of behavior of others. For this manifestation of one’s temperament and

character must be kept under constant control.

The concept of socialization is one of the central concepts of such academic disciplines as

sociology, psychology, political science and others. Although each of these disciplines invests in

the concept of socialization has its own meaning; in general, socialization is understood as the totality of all social

processes through which an individual acquires social experience as a result of communication and activity

acquires certain norms and values ​​that allow him to function as a member

society.

Models

There are 3 models of behavior in conflicts:

1. Constructive . Contributes to conflict resolution, strengthening relationships between people, and meeting the needs of each participant. Characteristic of sociable, friendly, open, reserved people.
2. Destructive . Does not resolve the conflict, leads to deterioration of relationships between people, and exhausts each of the participants. Characteristic of suspicious, withdrawn, distrustful people.
3. Conformist . Characteristic of passive and inconsistent people, dependent on the opinions of others. It can turn the conflict into both constructive and destructive directions.

Theories of personality behavior in conflict

Basic models of personality behavior in conflict interactions.

In the literature, there are three main models of individual behavior in a conflict situation: constructive, destructive and conformist. Basic models of personality behavior in conflict:

Constructive

. Seeks to resolve the conflict; Aimed at finding an acceptable solution; distinguished by endurance and self-control, a friendly attitude towards the opponent; open and sincere, laconic and taciturn in communication.

Destructive

. Constantly strives to expand and aggravate the conflict; constantly belittles the partner, negatively evaluates his personality; shows suspicion and distrust of the opponent, violates the ethics of communication.

Conformist

. Passive, prone to concessions; inconsistent in assessments, judgments, behavior; easily agrees with the opponent’s point of view; avoids pressing issues.

Each of these models is determined by the subject of the conflict, the image of the conflict situation, the value of interpersonal relationships and the individual psychological characteristics of the subjects of conflict interaction. Patterns of behavior reflect the attitudes of the participants in the conflict regarding its dynamics and method of resolution.

Giving a general assessment of the above behavior models, we note that the desirable and necessary model is constructive. A destructive model of behavior cannot be justified. It can turn a constructive conflict into a destructive one.

The danger of a conformist model of behavior is that it contributes to the aggressiveness of the opponent, and sometimes even provokes it. In other words, this model is essentially destructive, only with the opposite sign. But the conformist model can also play a positive role. If the contradictions that caused the conflict are insignificant, then conformist behavior leads to a quick resolution of such a conflict.

The two-dimensional model of personality behavior strategy in conflict interaction, developed by American psychologists K. Thomas and R. Killman, has become widespread in conflictology.

.
Its authors proceeded from the position that in any social conflict, each participant evaluates and correlates his own interests and the interests of his opponent. The reflection of these interests can occur more or less consciously. Based on the research results, the authors found that the less interests (one’s own and the opponent’s) are realized in a conflict, the more the participants’ behavior is saturated with powerful emotional tension. five methods of conflict interaction
as strategies withdrawal, concession, compromise, cooperation, competition.
The model view is shown in Fig. 1. When analyzing conflicts based on the two-dimensional Thomas-Killman model, it should be taken into account that the level of focus on one’s own interests or the interests of an opponent depends on three circumstances:
1. The content of the subject of the conflict;

2. Values ​​of interpersonal relationships;

3. Individual psychological characteristics of the individual;

Here is a description of the main strategies.

• A concession or adaptation
  is expressed in the desire to maintain or establish favorable relations, to ensure the interests of an opponent by smoothing out disagreements. At the same time, there is a willingness to give in, neglecting one’s own interests. This is expressed in avoidance of discussing controversial issues, in agreement with demands and claims. This strategy can be considered rational if the subject of disagreement has less value for a person than the relationship with a rival.
• Care or avoidance,
  evasion involves the desire not to take responsibility for making a decision, not to see disagreements, to deny the conflict, to consider it safe. There is a desire to get out of the situation without giving in or insisting on one’s own, refraining from disputes, discussions and objections to the opposing side. Such behavior is appropriate if the subject of disagreement is not of great value to the person, and he himself is focused on resolving the situation by itself.
• Cooperation
  is the search for solutions to a conflict that fully satisfy the interests of both parties through open discussion. There is a meaningful and frank analysis of disagreements during the development of decisions. This behavior is not aimed at defending one’s interests at any cost, but at finding a joint solution. Cooperation is rational if the subject of disagreement has equally high value for both you and your opponent.
• Rivalry or confrontation, competition
  is expressed in the desire to insist on one’s own through an open struggle for one’s interests, in taking a tough position of irreconcilable antagonism in the event of resistance. There may be forms of rivalry, such as the use of power, pressure, or the use of the dependent position of the opponent. A conflict situation and especially its resolution are perceived as a matter of victory or defeat. This strategy is usually used when the focus on one’s own interests significantly exceeds the interests of the rival (competing) party. However, the disadvantage of this strategy is the possibility of repeated outbreaks of conflict due to the deterioration of relationships.
• Compromise
  is the desire to resolve differences through bilateral concessions. It is expressed in the search for such a solution. When outwardly no one wins, but no one loses either. In this case, the interests of both parties are not fully disclosed. This strategy leads to a reduction in hostility and allows the conflict to be resolved relatively quickly. At the same time, there is a possibility of dissatisfaction with “half-hearted” solutions.

It was found that the value of interpersonal relationships (ILR) occupies a special place in the assessment of strategies,

with an opponent. In practice, we encounter situations where the relatively low value of MLO contributes to or is associated with various destructive manifestations during the conflict and, accordingly, the choice of competition as a strategy, manifested in the forms of struggle or coercion.

Based on the extraction of the MLO value parameter, the two-dimensional Thomas-Killman model was converted into a three-dimensional one.

Some researchers choose style as the main characteristic of a person’s behavior in conflict.

The concept of style is associated with the instrumental equipment of a person.

Let us consider the essence of the concepts “style of interaction”, “style of communication”, “style of life”, “style of activity” and “individual style of activity”, “style of activity”, which allow us to determine the individual style of behavior in conflict.

• Interaction style (interpersonal) is
  the most important component that indicates how a person interacts with the people around him.
  There are productive
  and
  unproductive
  styles of interaction.
• Communication style is
  a specific characteristic of the expression of an individual, stable form of a person’s communicative behavior, manifested in any conditions of his interaction with others.
• Lifestyle is
  a strategy for achieving individual values ​​and feelings in a world in which each individual must live in such a way as to achieve his or her personal goals.
  There are three lifestyles: altruistic, individualistic, and icaric
  (creativity-oriented).
• Activity style is
  an interconnected set of individual characteristics, methods and nature of carrying out a certain activity, which, as a rule, involves interaction with people and acts as a dynamic stereotype.
• An individual style of activity
  is an individually unique system of psychological means that a person consciously or spontaneously resorts to in order to best balance his (typologically conditioned) individuality with the objective external conditions of activity. Thus, the concept of “individual style of activity” shows the double conditioning of style by individuality and environment.

Communication style is usually considered as a special case of activity style.

• Activity style is
  a multi-level and multi-component formation, determined by a system of multi-level individual properties aimed at achieving success in activity.
• An individual style of behavior in a conflict
  is a relatively stable set of goals, actions, operations and reactions, conscious or unconscious by the individual, aimed at resolving the conflict or getting out of it.

As a result of the research, the following COI in the conflict were identified:

1. Affiliate,

aimed at sharing responsibility equally with a partner. Persuasion oriented;

2. Pragmatic

focused on manipulation;

3. Psychoprotective

has as its goal the preservation of its own value and internal integrity;

4. Dominant

aimed at regulating the partner’s behavior in order to seize the initiative and dominate the communication process in order to achieve one’s own goal;

5. Contact based

on influencing the opponent and directing the course of his actions in the right direction;

6. Self-affirming

is expressed in devaluing the partner’s behavior in order to bring him out of balance and impose his will and decision.

Towards rational or constructive styles

Conflict resolution can be classified as partnership, pragmatic and psychoprotective.
Destructive styles
include dominant, contact and self-affirming.

Constructive styles are largely explained by natural conditioning,

and destructive styles depend on
personal qualities.
When choosing a behavioral strategy, it is necessary to take into account the types of conflicting personalities.

Research by domestic psychologists F.M. Borodkina, N.M. Koryaka, V.P. Zakharova, Yu.A. Simonenko made it possible to describe five main types of conflicting personalities.

1. Demonstrative type –

loves to be the center of attention, adapts well to different situations, appreciates good treatment. At the same time, he avoids painstaking systematic work, does not engage in planning, and does not know how to behave rationally (he is good at emotional behavior). Often becomes a source of conflict, but does not consider himself such.

2. Rigid (inflexible) type

characterized by suspicion, inflated self-esteem, and straightforwardness. Poorly perceives the point of view of others, does not take their opinions into account, is uncritical, and is painfully touchy.

3. Unmanaged type

characterized by impulsiveness, poor predictability of behavior, aggressiveness, lack of self-criticism, and a high level of aspirations. He tends to blame others for failures and does not know how to properly plan his activities. He is usually guided by past experience and weakly correlates his actions with goals and circumstances.

4. Ultra-precise type

characterized by meticulousness in work, placing increased demands on oneself and on others, increased anxiety, sensitivity, and touchiness. Often shows intemperance. Poor understanding of real relationships in the group.

5. Conflict-free type

possesses suggestibility, internal inconsistency, instability in assessments and opinions, and inconsistency of behavior. Focuses on quick success, so he is prone to excessive compromises. He does not have willpower and does not think about the consequences of his actions.

As a result of studying this topic, we formulate the following conclusion:

• The universal human reaction to emerging contradictions is the desire to overcome disharmony, which is carried out by choosing a model or strategy of behavior in the conflict. The implementation of the strategy is carried out individually, within the framework of the style of behavior in the conflict. It is based on taking into account the type of conflict personality.

Styles

In psychology, it is customary to distinguish 6 styles:

1. Affiliate. Characteristic of long-term relationships where both opponents know each other well and want to maintain mutual understanding and trust.
2. Pragmatic. Suitable for situations where the relationship with a person is not important. It is more important to push the conflict away from yourself.
3. Psychoprotective. The goal is to maintain internal harmony. It arises where the mutually exclusive interests of opponents are noticeable.
4. Dominant. One or both participants behave selfishly, aggressively, or violate social norms.
5. Contact. One person behaves as contactably as possible, trying to find out as much as possible about the opponent in order to then control him.
6. Self-affirming. One person is trying to “break” the other so that he himself gives up the confrontation.

The first 3 styles relate to constructive conflict resolution, the last 3 to destructive ones.

Destructive behavior

Any human behavior is realized in society and is of a social nature and is always associated with speech, action and goal setting. Destructive behavior reflects a low degree of socialization of the individual, avoidance of society, and poor adaptation to internal and external conditions.

Important! The degree of adaptation largely determines the behavior of an individual.

Often, destructive behavior is demonstrated by people who do not have a developed sense of responsibility, who do not know how to make independent decisions and choices. At the individual level, such individuals are more likely to choose the path of abnormal behavior. They can display their destructive behavior in relation to the following social principles:

1. Spiritual and moral norms (universal human values).
2. Moral and ethical standards (rules not written down on paper).
3. Legal norms (rules enshrined in legal acts).
4. Organizational and professional standards (instructions).
5. Individual norms (individual rights in society, personal orientation towards certain attitudes and needs).

Rules

Using a few simple rules will help minimize the occurrence of problems in a conflict situation and approach its resolution in the most constructive way:

1. Be fair towards your opponent . Accusations can provoke unconscious resistance, but first of all you need to think about whether the instigator of the conflict is right in his claims. Remaining calm and patient, you should listen to the accusations and only after thinking about them, proceed to further actions.
2. Do not expand the conflict . When resolving a conflict, you should not move away from its cause or remember past conflict situations with this opponent, as this threatens with irrational insults, detachment from the true cause of the conflict and, as a consequence, the impossibility of resolving it.
3. Use positive language in a conflict situation . This rule makes it possible to remove an excessive negative assessment of the situation, maintain high self-esteem of the participants in the conflict and move on to a constructive solution.
4. Demonstration of emotional endurance. Try to remain calm.
   Often the initiator of the conflict raises his voice and experiences sharply negative emotions. Self-control on your part will prevent the conflict from escalating and, perhaps, set an example for your opponent to move on to a calm solution to the problem.
5. Depersonalization of the conflict. When a conflict situation arises, attention should be focused not on the personality of the opponent, but on the true cause of the situation.

Types of destructive behavior

Classification of destructive behavior is difficult, since specialists have to work with a floating value - the norm. It is subject to change, and what is considered acceptable today will be beyond the scope of adequate behavior tomorrow, and vice versa. Basically, psychologists divide destructive behavior into two large groups:

• delinquent behavior (exceeding legal boundaries, breaking the law);
• deviant behavior (non-compliance with generally accepted standards of morality and morality).

Since the first third of the 20th century, many scientists, psychologists and sociologists have been thinking about what kind of behavior can be placed within the framework of deviations and destructive behavior, and whether such behavior always carries exclusively negative consequences. Many classifications have been developed. Here is a table showing different approaches to understanding destructive behavior.

Socially destructive behavior

Socially destructive behavior is associated with social maladaptation - a lack of understanding of the rules by which human society exists and functions. A person who demonstrates destructive and antisocial behavior is unable to find himself in society. Thus, the destructive nature of his behavior only intensifies. Socially destructive patterns of his behavior can be expressed as follows:

1. Social and personal discredit . Undermining the reputation or authority of an individual. Tendency to criticize and condemn. Openly offensive and disrespectful behavior.
2. Competition . Destructive behavior can be caused by fear for one’s position in a team, which leads a person to attempts to assert himself through other members of this team.
3. Avoiding sincere communication . A person exhibiting destructive behavior patterns avoids open communication. It is unlikely that he will be able to adequately answer the direct question “why are you behaving this way?”

Read the article: Destructive relationships - how to improve interpersonal relationships in the family?

What are they based on?

Strategy of behavior in a conflict situation is certain forms of behavior in the event of a conflict situation.

• rivalry , with this strategy, a decision or opinion that is beneficial to itself is imposed on the conflicting party, regardless of its position,
• cooperation , in which each of the conflicting parties makes concessions in principled positions and finds a solution that maximally satisfies all parties to the conflict,
• adaptation is a sacrifice of one’s own interests and acceptance of the demands of the conflicting party without any active action on one’s part.

When a conflict arises, either one of these strategies in its pure form or a combination of them can be used; this largely depends on the development of the situation and other circumstances.

Rational technologies

Technologies of rational behavior in a conflict situation are methods of psychological correction , the purpose of which is to achieve constructive interaction to resolve a given conflict.

It is important to understand and always remember the negative consequences of reacting emotionally in stressful situations.

There are three basic rules for self-control of emotions:

1. React as calmly as possible to the emotional outburst of your opponent in a conflict situation . You should not give in to emotions like the conflicting party.
2. Rational exchange of emotions with an opponent .
   In this case, there is a controlled exchange of emotions with the opponent, both parties share their experiences, but this does not go into an uncontrolled phase. As a result, both sides receive emotional release, but the possibility of further constructive resolution of the conflict remains.
3. Supporting high self-esteem in yourself and your opponent . One of the reasons for a strong emotional reaction in a conflict is low self-esteem. However, with its support at a sufficiently high level, there are more opportunities to eliminate unwanted emotional manifestations.

Destructive Behaviors

Abnormal behavior can take various forms in the context of relationships with society and adaptation to it:

1. Radical adaptation (an attempt to change a world that does not suit a person).
2. Hyper-adaptation (setting unattainable goals).
3. Conformist adaptation (adjustment to generally accepted norms with which the individual does not agree).
4. Deviant adaptation ( motivated destructive behavior, going beyond the norm).
5. Socio-psychological disadaptation (open denial of the need to adapt to society, making efforts to avoid this).

Also, destructive behavior can be expressed in the form of the following symptoms:

• aggressive behavior towards people;
• hostility in communication;
• tendency to destroy things;
• desire to upset the way of life of loved ones;
• lack of ability to experience emotions;
• threat to someone else's and one's own life.