tags:
Personality, Man, Society, Individual, Norm, Property, Behavior, Among the Concepts of personality, man, individual, individuality and their relationship
Along with the concept of “personality,” the terms “person,” “individual,” and “individuality” are used. These concepts are substantively intertwined.
Man is a generic concept, indicating that a creature belongs to the highest degree of development of living nature - the human race. The concept of “man” affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of human characteristics and qualities.
An individual is a single representative of the species “homo sapiens”. As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological characteristics (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).
Individuality is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the uniqueness of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intelligence, worldview, life experience).
The relationship between individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two different definitions of him. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of formation of personality and individuality.
The formation of personality is the process of socialization of a person, which consists in his assimilation of a generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the specific historical circumstances of a person’s life. The formation of personality is associated with the individual’s acceptance of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, and with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.
The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, his separation from the community, the design of his individuality, uniqueness and originality. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively demonstrated himself in life.
21 pages, 10372 words
Socio-psychological characteristics of personality in the development...
... modern Armed Forces. The purpose of the study is to identify the socio-psychological characteristics of the individual in the formation of the professional identity of a contract soldier and to develop a system of its psychological... L.B. Schneider and others concerning the development of higher mental functions of the individual, the system of a person’s relationship to the outside world, himself and professional identity. Except …
The concepts of “personality” and “individuality” capture different aspects, different dimensions of a person’s spiritual essence. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word “personality” such epithets as “strong”, “energetic”, “independent” are usually used, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others. Individuality is spoken of as “bright”, “unique”, “creative”, meaning the qualities of an independent entity.
Personality structure
There are statistical and dynamic personality structures. The statistical structure is understood as an abstract model abstracted from the actually functioning personality that characterizes the main components of the individual’s psyche. The basis for identifying personality parameters in its statistical model is the difference between all components of the human psyche according to the degree of their representation in the personality structure. The following components are distinguished:
universal properties of the psyche, i.e. common to all people (sensations, perceptions, thinking, emotions);
socially specific features, i.e. inherent only to certain groups of people or communities (social attitudes, value orientations);
individually unique properties of the psyche, i.e. characterizing individual typological features. Characteristic only of one or another specific person (temperament, character, abilities).
In contrast to the statistical model of personality structure, the dynamic structure model fixes the main components in the individual’s psyche no longer abstracted from a person’s everyday existence, but, on the contrary, only in the immediate context of human life. At each specific moment of his life, a person appears not as a set of certain formations, but as a person who is in a certain mental state, which is one way or another reflected in the momentary behavior of the individual. If we begin to consider the main components of the statistical structure of personality in their movement, change, interaction and living circulation, then we thereby make a transition from the statistical to the dynamic structure of personality.
The most common is the concept of the dynamic functional structure of personality proposed by K. Platonov. Which identifies the determinants that determine certain properties and characteristics of the human psyche, determined by social, biological and individual life experience (Table 1).
Table 1
Personality structure and integration of its elements
First of all, there is the so-called physical personality or physical self. This is the body or bodily organization of a person, the most stable component of personality, based on bodily properties and self-perceptions. The body is not only the first object for cognition, but also an essential component of a person’s personal world, both helping and hindering in the processes of communication. Clothes and home may also be considered physical personality. As G. Heine said: every person is a whole world, born and dies with him.
Social personality develops in the communication of people, starting with the primary forms of communication between mother and child. In essence, it appears as a system of a person’s social roles in different groups whose opinions he values. All forms of self-affirmation in profession, social activities, friendship, love, rivalry, etc. form the social structure of the individual.
The spiritual personality constitutes that invisible core, the core of our Self, on which everything rests. These are internal mental states that reflect aspirations towards certain spiritual values and ideals. They may not be fully realized, but one way or another, caring for the soul is the quintessence of personal development.
The distinction between physical, social and spiritual personality is rather conditional. All these aspects of personality form a system, each element of which can acquire dominant significance at different stages of a person’s life. ____________________________________________________________________ These concepts can be classified as eternal. Each new generation of people, each person rediscovers them, formulates them for himself, tries to give his own version of the answer. Addressing these topics is typical for domestic psychologists (Ananyev, Myasishchev, Leontyev, Asmolov, Bratus).
Man as a natural phenomenon
The first thing that can be noted when describing the phenomenon of a person is the variety of his properties. Man is a multifaceted, multidimensional, complexly organized being. There is a well-known expression about man as the crown of nature. It emphasizes that man is part of nature. Man is a living being, and like any animal, he has an organism, a body, is in relationship with the natural world, and is subject to its laws. The human body - its shape, structure. Functioning is a continuation of the evolutionary series; it is in many ways similar to the body of higher primates. At the same time, man is qualitatively different from all other living beings.
Ananyev “Psychological structure of Personality” (“Man is an object of knowledge”) – a systematic or comprehensive approach to the study of Personality.
Man is the most general concept, the entire set of all human qualities characteristic of people (it doesn’t matter whether a given person has it or not).
Individual - Man as an individual is a material, natural, bodily being in its integrity and indivisibility. Individual characteristics – age-sex and individual-typical, neurodynamic properties of the brain; functional geometry of the brain (asymmetry).
Knowing a person as an individual involves considering the natural foundations of human life, his psychology. The highest integration of a person’s individual properties is represented in temperament and psychological inclinations.
Personality is the main form of development. Personal properties of a person - a person’s life path, his social biography. A person as a representative of society, who freely and responsibly determines his position among others.
Individuality is a person as a unique, original Personality who realizes himself in creative activity. If Personality is the top level of a person, then individuality is his deepest dimension.
Two approaches:
- As uniqueness in the totality of its properties and characteristics.
- Internal harmony, consistency of the properties of a person (subject, Personality, individual) go in one direction of development.
Subject is a person in the context of his Activity.
Leontiev Man includes the totality of all human qualities.
“The individual is a genotypic formation.” The concept of an individual contains an indication of a person’s similarity to all other people, of his commonality with the human race.
2 signs:
- Indivisibility or integrity of the subject.
- The presence of special (individual) properties that distinguish it from other representatives of the same species.
“Personality is a systemic and therefore supersensible quality, although the bearer of this quality is a completely sensual, bodily individual with all his innate and acquired properties... The concept of Personality expresses the integrity of the subject of life. But Personality is a holistic formation of a special kind. Personality is not an integrity determined genotypically: People are not born with a Personality, they become a Personality... Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of a person.”
No science, no theory is capable of providing comprehensive explanations of an individual, specific human Personality.
How are these concepts related: individuality, man, Personality, individual? Every person is an individual, but not every individual is a person, only the one who is a cat. acquired social individuality, and removed his biological individuality. Every Person is a person as a social individual, but can every person be called a Person? There is no consensus on this issue. In principle, when answering this, there are two directions of answer:
1. Objective (recognizing the Personality of any person as a subject of social relations and Activity).
2. Normative-value (assuming that not every person is a Personality, and considering it necessary to establish social criteria for a Personality, i.e. selected social qualities).
According to this direction, in order to be a Personality, it is not enough just to be a person, a subject of social relations and Activity, you need to have social qualities that are not inherent to every person.
Human. Individual. Individuality. Personality
Since ancient times (starting with ancient Indian, ancient Chinese, and ancient philosophy), the problem of man has occupied the minds of philosophers. This problem becomes even more relevant in the 20th century, when the scientific and technological revolution became new factors in human life and the human personality risks being leveled out “in the clutches” of the information-technological society.
Man is a special being, a natural phenomenon, possessing, on the one hand, a biological principle (which brings him closer to higher mammals), on the other hand, a spiritual one - the ability for deep abstract thinking, articulate speech (which distinguishes him from animals), high learning ability, assimilation cultural achievements, high level of social (public) organization.
The problem of personality is one of the central ones in the entire system of humanitarian knowledge. And each of the theoretical disciplines that study personality outlines its image in its own way, expressing it in specific concepts, from its own point of view.
Philosophy analyzes the problem of personality in its own way. It is no coincidence that in the structure of philosophical knowledge, in the system of philosophical anthropology, such a branch as “personalism” has emerged - a philosophical concept of personality and its universal status, free development.
From the standpoint of philosophical personalism, a person is not an object among other objects, a thing among other things. It cannot be known from the outside. Personality is the only integrity that we both cognize and create from within. Russian personalism (N. Berdyaev) considers personality as something inimitable, unique, and valuable in itself. It must be understood only from itself, and not from anything external (nature, sociality, even the transcendent).
The essence of personality is its freedom. It is a spiritual reality, the triumph of freedom over slavery, victory over the heaviness of the world.
Most philosophers believed that an individual becomes a personality, not by withdrawing into himself, but by entering into complex relationships with Others, appearing in an ensemble of social relations, presenting himself as a social individual.
Based on the fact that in different theoretical constructs a person “looks” differently, it can be argued with one degree or another of evidence that each individual is a person, and vice versa, that not everyone can be considered as a person. Thus, for a lawyer, a newborn is a person protected by law and possessing a certain set of rights (property, the right to protection of dignity, etc.).
But for a teacher or psychologist, a newborn is only the potential of a full-fledged personality; he still needs to “stand out”, become a personality.
In philosophical humanism, it is still customary to consider all living individuals to be individuals, regardless of any differences (age, ethnicity, presence or absence of talent, etc.).
Even those who have left us “to another world” are also individuals. Respect for the dead is an integral feature of any humanistically oriented culture.
Sometimes it is proposed (by M.S. Kagan) to separate three concepts that characterize an individual person in this way:
Individual is a designation for a person taken as an “individual”, a single representative of the species “Homo sapiens”;
Personality is a sociological interpretation of an individual, which includes his acquisition of a set of sociocultural roles and the maturation in the inner world of a set of value orientations.
To characterize the spiritual nature of a person, the concept of “personality” has been used for many centuries - the totality of a person’s innate and acquired spiritual properties, his internal spiritual content.
Personality is the innate qualities of a person, developed and acquired in the social environment, a set of knowledge, skills, values, goals.
Individuality is a cultural vision of an individual, in which his uniqueness, uniqueness, originality, his “self” and irreplaceability come to the fore.
Thus, man is a socio-biological being, and in the conditions of modern civilization, due to education, laws, and moral norms, the social principle of man controls the biological.
Life, development, upbringing in society is a key condition for the normal development of a person, the development of all kinds of qualities in him, and transformation into a personality. There are cases when people from birth lived outside human society and were raised among animals. In such cases, out of two principles, social and biological, only one remained in a person - biological. Such people adopted the habits of animals, lost the ability to articulate speech, were greatly retarded in mental development, and even after returning to human society did not take root in it. This once again proves the socio-biological nature of man, that is, that a person who does not have the social skills of educating human society, who has only a biological principle, ceases to be a full-fledged person and does not even reach the level of animals (for example, with whom he was raised) .
Practice and work are of great importance for the transformation of a biological individual into a socio-biological personality. Only by engaging in any specific activity, and one that meets the inclinations and interests of the person himself and is useful for society, can a person assess his social significance and reveal all facets of his personality.
When characterizing a human personality, attention should be paid to such a concept as personality traits - innate or acquired habits, way of thinking and behavior.
People are distinguished by qualities, their presence, and development. Through qualities one can characterize a person’s personality. To a large extent, qualities are formed under the influence of family and society.
In philosophy, positive moral qualities are highlighted:• humanism;• humanity;• honor;• conscience;• modesty; generosity;• justice;• fidelity;• other qualities. and socially condemned-negative: • arrogance; • cynicism; • rudeness; • parasitism; cowardice;• nihilism;• other negative traits. Socially useful qualities include: • will; • determination; • wisdom; • skill; attitudes;• beliefs;• patriotism.
A person, as a rule, combines all types of qualities; Some qualities are more developed, others less.
A characteristic feature of every person and personality is the presence of needs and interests.
Needs are what a person feels they need. Needs may be:
• biological (natural) - in preserving life, nutrition, reproduction, etc.;
• spiritual - the desire to enrich the inner world, to join the values of culture; material - to ensure a decent standard of living;
• social - to realize professional abilities, to receive proper assessment from society.
Needs are the basis of people’s activities, an incentive to perform certain actions. Need satisfaction is an important component of human happiness. A significant proportion of needs (except biological) are formed by society and can be realized in society. Each society has a certain level of needs and the ability to satisfy them. The more developed the society, the higher the quality of needs.
Interests are a specific expression of needs, interest in something. Together with needs, interests are also the engine of progress. Interests include:
• personal (individual);
• group;
• class (interests of social groups - workers, teachers, bankers, nomenklatura);
• public (of the whole society, for example, security, law and order);
• government
• interests of all humanity (for example, in preventing nuclear war, environmental disaster, etc.).
Interests may also be:
• material and spiritual;
• normal and abnormal;
• long-term and immediate;
• permitted and unauthorized;
• general and antagonistic.
The presence of a different hierarchy of needs and interests, their conflict and struggle are the internal engine of the development of society. However, differences in interests contribute to progress and do not lead to destructive consequences only if the needs and interests are not extremely antagonistic, aimed at mutual destruction (of a person, group, class, state, etc.), and are correlated with common interests.
• A special aspect of the normal life of a person (person) in society is the presence of social norms.
Social norms are generally accepted rules in society that regulate people's behavior. Social norms are vital to society:
• maintain order and balance in society;
• suppress hidden biological instincts in a person, “civilize” a person;
• help a person join the life of society and socialize.
Types of social norms are: “^ moral norms;
• norms of the group, team;
• special (professional) standards;
• rules of law.
Moral norms regulate the most common types of human behavior. They cover a wide range of social relations and are recognized by everyone (or the majority); The mechanism for ensuring compliance with the requirements of moral norms is the person himself (his conscience) and society, which can condemn a violator of moral norms.
Group norms are special norms that regulate the behavior of members of narrow groups (they can be the norms of a friendly company, a team, the norms of a criminal group, the norms of a sect, etc.).
Special (professional) norms regulate the behavior of representatives of certain professions (for example, the norms of behavior of loaders, seasonal workers differ from the norms of behavior of diplomats, special norms of behavior are common among health workers, artists, military personnel, etc.).
Legal norms differ from all other social norms in that they:
• are established by special authorized government bodies:
• are of a generally binding nature;
• formally defined (clearly formulated in writing);
• regulate a clearly defined range of social relations (and not social relations in general);
• supported by the coercive power of the state (the possibility of using violence, sanctions by special government bodies in the manner prescribed by law in relation to persons who have committed crimes).
The life of a person and society is impossible without inactivity - holistic, systemic, consistent actions aimed at a specific result. The main activity is labor.
In a modern developed society, work is one of the highest social values. When a person is alienated from the means and results of labor, work loses its motivation and social attractiveness, becomes a burden for a person and negatively affects the individual. On the contrary, work that benefits individuals and society contributes to the development of human potential...
Labor played an exceptional role in the formation and development of human consciousness, human abilities, and in evolution in general.
Thanks to work and its results, man stood out from the surrounding animal world and managed to create a highly organized society.
Life position is a person’s attitude towards the world around him, expressed in his thoughts and actions.
There are two main life positions:
passive (conformist), aimed at subordination to the surrounding world, following circumstances.
active, aimed at transforming the world around us, controlling the situation;
In turn, a conformist life position is:
• authoritarian-conformist (a person’s behavior is guided by the behavior and views of some individual, very influential and authoritative person, as a rule, the leader of a team);
• group-conformist (an individual, like other members of the group, strictly adheres to the norms accepted in the group);
• socially conformist (an individual submits to the norms of society and “goes with the flow”); This behavior was especially characteristic of citizens of totalitarian states.
An active life position also has its facets:
• active, independent behavior in relation to other individuals, but subordination to the group leader;
• submission to the norms of society, but the desire to lead in a group or team;
• ignoring social norms and an active desire to “find oneself” outside society - in a gang of criminals, among hippies, in other asocial groups;
• non-acceptance of the norms of society, but the desire to independently and with the help of others change the entire surrounding reality (example: revolutionaries - Lenin and others).
For a person’s normal entry into society, for his adaptation, the harmonious existence of society itself, the education of the individual is necessary.
Education is the introduction of an individual to social norms, spiritual culture, preparing him for work and future life.
Education is carried out, as a rule, by various institutions of society: family, school, peer group, army, work collective, university, professional community, society as a whole.
An individual can act as an educator or role model: a school teacher, an authoritative peer, a commander, a boss, a representative of the cultural world, a charismatic politician.
The media, as well as the achievements of spiritual and material culture (books, exhibitions, technical devices, etc.) play a huge role in the education of the individual in modern society.
Main goals of education:
prepare a person for life in society (transmit him to material, spiritual culture, experience);
develop socially valuable personality traits;
erase or dull, neutralize qualities condemned in society;
teach a person to interact with other people;
teach a person how to work.
Examples of similar educational works
Relevance of the research topic. Communication is a condition and a universal way of existence...
... and the forms of communication between people that assert themselves in society meet the necessary needs ... of peoples, of the globalization of all aspects of social life. This ethical issue arose ... in the works, the main emphasis is on the norms of office etiquette, as well as ...
Personality theories and their significance in human life
...individuality through the use of different research strategies. Modern personality psychology, being a scientific discipline, transforms speculative reasoning about human nature... although the values of society are... human life -...
The role of information in human life and society
... consciousness, then sometimes you are amazed at how people and even human society, and entire civilized nations find themselves ... all the serious problems of life. This is killer information, murderous, it kills time, it basically gives nothing to a person...
Topic 6. Personality as an active subject of public life Plan
... people's lives. It largely explains the individual’s individuality and its difference from other members of society. ... This environment influences a person, forming the social component of the personality, the individual learns the norms and rules of behavior that exist ...
Topic 3. Philosophical problems of man and society
... man and society 1. The problem of man in the history of philosophy. The problem of the “nature” (essence) of man. Individual, personality, individuality. The dichotomy of human existence. 2. Existentialism as a teaching of man. ...being. The problem of life, its finitude...
Individual characteristics
Having enormous potential for self-development and development as an individual, every person, after birth, manifests himself in certain properties. This is called individual development.
In social science, the concept of “individual” is used to denote the specific characteristics of an individual person. Firstly, each subject has unique external characteristics, eye color and bodily constitution, that is, he acts as a single representative of the species homo sapiens. Secondly, psychological differences can be identified between individuals: emotionality, temperament, character. Thirdly, everyone has a set of specific abilities.
From the point of view of some experts, the fetus in the womb already develops a peripheral and central nervous system in the second month. At five months, the embryo acquires the ability to hear and distinguish sounds, and in the third trimester it can already experience emotions (get scared, react to affection, conversations). Scientists insist that it is in the last months of gestation that the child’s intellectual abilities and psycho-emotional background are formed.
Therefore, there is an opinion that the formation of an individual begins not after birth, but immediately at the birth of a new life. We can briefly highlight its characteristics:
- high level of social activity;
- environmental sustainability;
- psychophysical unity of the organism.
The concept of “individual” in psychology is distinguished from the term “individuality”. It means a set of properties and features that determine the uniqueness of the subject. It manifests itself not only in behavior, but also in the specifics of preferences and interests. Individuality is formed in the environment in which the subject grows and develops, his associations acquired at an early age, and the characteristics of his upbringing. Psychologists say that one is born as an individual, one becomes an individual, and individuality must be defended.
The result of the development of an individual is a personality that is considered as an exclusively social entity.
