The first-year student was constantly impressed by the wisdom and wit of the senior philosophy students he met. One day he summoned up the courage to ask one of them: “How is it that all senior philosophy students are so smart?” The philosopher replied: “There is no secret in this. We just all studied logic.” "Seriously?" - asked the freshman. “Is that all it takes? So if I study logic, I will become very smart? “Of course,” answered the philosopher. “It’s really too late to sign up for the course right now. However, I'll tell you what: you can use my old textbook on logic and study it on your own. Here, I have it with me. I'll give it to you for twenty dollars." “Wow, thank you,” the freshman rejoiced. The deal was completed, and the freshman happily went to improve his IQ level with a textbook under his arm. Later he encountered the philosopher again. "Hey!" - he shouted. “That logic textbook you sold me for twenty dollars—I saw it in a bookstore for ten. Everything you told me about how logic would make me smarter. Now I see - you just wanted to rob me!” “You see,” answered the philosopher. “It’s already starting to take effect.” Check out the reasons why philosophy and logic should be on your list of required subjects to study.
Symbolic logic is fun
Learning basic symbolic logic is akin to learning a new language, but the vocabulary is very small and there are very few grammatical rules. You'll learn to do a wide variety of things with the new symbols: you'll use them to analyze the logic of ordinary sentences, test arguments for validity, and create proofs for complex arguments whose validity is not obvious. The exercises that will help you become more proficient at this branch of logic look like puzzles, so if you like Sudoku, you'll likely love logic.
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Law of contradiction
A statement and its negation cannot be true at the same time.
What's the point
If one judgment affirms something, and another denies the same thing about the same object at the same time and in the same respect, then they cannot be true at the same time.
For example, two propositions - “the cat is black” and “the cat is white” - cannot be true at the same time if we are talking about the same cat, at the same time and in the same respect. That is, the color of the cat is compared with the same palette.
Examples of violation
“This ginger cat left black hairs all over the carpet.” And from childhood - “Shut your mouth and eat.”
How to apply it in life
The most difficult thing is to identify the contradiction. The phrase “I didn’t have a childhood as a child” does not violate the law of contradiction, but “made an oral report in writing” does. So, the main thing is to understand whether there is a contradiction or a play on words.
Knowing whether an argument is valid or not is a valuable skill
Logic is essentially the study of the validity of argumentation. All people use reasoning to reach conclusions that are useful to them. If your car won't start, you conclude that the battery may not be working. That's why you test the battery. If it works, you conclude that the problem must be somewhere else, most likely the starter. That's why you check the starter. And so on. This example of reasoning is simple, but sometimes the chains of reasoning can become quite complex and confusing. If you practice generating good arguments and spotting bad ones, you can develop a skill that will be useful in almost every area of life. This will help you find the truth and recognize lies.
Bottom line
Let's summarize. You need to find the truth, you need to learn to follow the laws of logic. Just because something sounds convincing doesn't mean it's true. Listen carefully to what they tell you, do not allow concepts to be substituted in a conversation, do not allow contradictions and check the facts. In principle, everything is simple - only 4 laws of logic.
Here is a final logical paradox for you, at one time it puzzled me: “I always lie . Graceful, isn't it?
That's all I have for today. If it seemed to you that I was lost, then I was not lost (oops, violation of the laws of logic). I’m currently working on a series of articles about motivation. Everything is interconnected; I wrote it in one place and have to redo it in another. In short, I came up with a headache, so I decided to take a break on this topic.
Subscribe to blog updates, see you! Yours Alexander Gorokhov
Good logic is an effective tool of persuasion
The art of persuasion is called rhetoric. Rhetoric, like logic, was previously an important part of the humanities curriculum. Unfortunately, neither logic nor rhetoric are any longer necessary subjects. But at the same time, rhetoric includes almost all forms of persuasion, with the possible exception of bribes, extortion and physical violence. This includes, for example, appealing to emotions, provocative images or clever wordplay. There is no doubt that these approaches can be persuasive, but good persuasive reasoning is also worth looking at. No one is saying that good arguments will always win over clever rhetoric: humans are not Vulcans like Mr. Spock. However, in the long run, good arguments will always lead you to success.
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Logical mental operations
Logical mental operations consist of:
- comparisons,
- abstractions,
- generalizations
- specification,
- analysis,
- synthesis.
Through comparison we can understand the reason for our failure and subsequently pay due attention to the problem and the conditions under which it was created.
The process of abstraction allows one to divert the attention of one object from other closely related objects. Abstraction makes it possible to see an object, determine its essence and give your own definition of this object. Abstraction refers to human mental activity. It allows us to comprehend the phenomenon, touching on its most significant characteristic features. By abstracting from problems, a person learns the truth.
Generalization allows you to combine similar objects and phenomena based on common characteristics. Typically, generalization is used to summarize or draw up rules.
The thought process of concretization is completely opposite to generalization. It serves for correct awareness of reality, not allowing thinking to break away from the real perception of phenomena. Concretization does not allow our knowledge to acquire abstract images, which in reality become useless.
Our brain uses analysis to separate in detail an object or phenomenon that is necessary for us. By analyzing a phenomenon or object, we can identify its most necessary elements, which will further help us improve our skills and knowledge.
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Synthesis, on the contrary, allows you to create an overall picture of what is happening from small details. With its help, you can compare current events by going through several individual facts. An example of synthesis is puzzles. When assembling a mosaic, we imagine one or another part of it, putting aside what is unnecessary and adding what is necessary.
Clear thinking makes you a better person.
Questionable methods of persuasion, such as "criticizing" a candidate's views while presenting a less than ideal image, are very often used, particularly in election campaigns. There is no doubt that they are effective in some situations, but this should not be a reason to choose them over good and clear argumentation. On the contrary, this is why people need logical thinking now more than ever before.
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Infallible LogicDo you want to SEE your ability to SEE – at least a little? Then let's talk about logic.
Why is Logic needed? Why do we need mathematics - one of the most obvious manifestations of logic? All this is needed to help a person solve problems and, it is assumed, based on this knowledge, we will be able to better understand life.
Why do you think a graduate of, say, a textile technical school can figure it out without any problems and then work quite competently, say, at a power plant, if he was practically not trained in the specifics of this specialty?
Why do sometimes strangers understand each other without a word, and sometimes they “struggle” over this for years?
Why do women understand men poorly, and men understand women poorly?
In all of these cases, the reason is the same - their LOGIC: if people have the same METHODS OF REASONING, they will EASILY UNDERSTAND each other (just like two graduates of completely different technical universities), and if the way of reasoning of one DIFFERS from the way of reasoning of the other interlocutor - complete mutual understanding is IMPOSSIBLE.
So LOGIC can be called a METHOD OF REASONING. There is standard logic, feminine logic, associative logic, etc.
There are many ways of reasoning, and, for example, you, the reader, personally use your method of reasoning, YOUR personal Logic.
In the course of our search for Truths, we were most interested in such a method of reasoning (logic) that would FAIRLY predict the future in any life situation.
We were interested in that method of reasoning that would work WITHOUT A SINGLE ERROR, WITHOUT A SINGLE EXCEPTION and, at the same time, would be SIMPLE enough to use in everyday life when communicating with people and predicting their behavior and actions.
And we found this method! It is PRESENTED in this Book and every chapter written here is “permeated through and through.”
And now - a brief overview of what we have “discarded” as “methods of reasoning that have exceptions” i.e. we will show you some examples of Truths among logics that ARE NOT Truths: we will show you rules that sometimes DO NOT WORK in life.
Here is an example of mathematical logic: 0.5+0.5=1. In layman's terms, if you put two halves of something together, you get one whole.
Indeed, if you add half a bucket of rice to the same amount, you get exactly a bucket of rice. However, if we take two halves of an apple and apply one to the other, we will not get a whole apple, we will still get the same two halves. Those. this type of Logic is Truth, but not the Truth.
Yu.V. Ivlev in his textbook for universities “Logic” gives an example of research (with the goal of finding out whether people naturally have the ability to think logically), during which peasants were asked: “Does the third statement (about the presence of a post office in the neighboring regional center) follow from two STATEMENTS (declarations!)? departments)"?
Do you know what the peasant answered? “What I don’t know, I don’t know. I've never been there".
Further, the author concludes: “The logical culture of a modern literate person is higher than the logical culture of the peasants who were discussed. It even seems strange to us that such simple reasoning is not understood.”
Do you know what's MOST AMAZING about this? The peasant answered the question from a position of CONFIDENCE!!!
He was asked to draw a CONCLUSION from the spoken WORDS (they SAID (declared) that “there is a post office in EVERY regional center” and asked: “Is there a post office in the neighboring regional center?”
And the peasant’s Actual Intention to MAKE A MISTAKE (unlike the logical scientists!) turned out to be equal to zero!
He DIDN'T WANT to look at this situation from any other point of view except the point of view of CONFIDENCE!
And this, in the “opinion” of the author, is nothing more than “low logical culture.”
We believe that the peasant turned out to be MORE SANE than our “learned” men.
In general, the fact that standard logic studies JUDGMENTS, STATEMENTS, STATEMENTS - i.e. all those things that we designated with the word “Declared”: she studies WORDS and STATEMENTS (opinions).
Can you imagine?!
But it would be much EASIER to COMPARE statements (WORDS!) with facts - it is much FASTER and SUCH a method is REALLY ERROR-FREE!
There are also examples of “everyday” logic (I don’t want to capitalize this word!) such as “jealous means he loves,” “the longer the thread, the lazier the seamstress,” etc. - a whole host of proverbs, sayings and aphorisms.
And some people build their own LIVES (it would be funny if it weren't sad!)
BASED ON these statements, which are full of lies and truths.
Yes, full of truths and lies!
If you are overcome by doubts, take any collection of such “sayings” and try to find the Truths there (rules that have no exceptions)!
There is also a very “wonderful” pattern of reasoning among believers, which is based on quotations from holy books; there are other ways of reasoning - however, they are also based on someone else’s information, i.e. on VERA.
Let's define LOGIC.
Logics
is a way of reasoning that includes certain rules and principles that are used to find the best course of action and to solve problems that arise in the course of life.
Ask people around you about why they do something, how they understand this or that word, and you will be able to get to the bottom of the RULES that people use in life and which make up their personal Logic.
The results that you get will stun anyone, it will be something like the logic of one of the girls interviewed: “I’m looking for a smart (!) man, so first of all I look at his shoes - if he has them polished, that means (!) he treats himself well (!!) and will treat his wife well (!!!) - that means he is a suitable candidate for me.”
It is not surprising that this girl, instead of mutual understanding, will find only “polished shoes” in marriage!
By the way, what did YOU find in your marriage as a result of using your Logic?
This is exactly what WAS THE MAIN THING for you at the moment you created your family: you got exactly WHAT YOU WANTED (results are ALWAYS an indicator of your actual intentions!).
However, there is Logic, using which you will NEVER get into trouble. Here is its definition.
Infallible Logic
– logic based on Truths and the definition of “RIGHT”.
The same girl, using FAILURE LOGIC, would not connect her life with a person whose Real Intentions are objectively WRONG because... she would understand that life with a spouse whose Actual Intentions are WRONG is a life consisting of conflicts, quarrels, resentments and WRONG results.
To AVOID such a fate, this girl would be best suited for marriage with a person whose logic is Faultless.
Here is an example of USING Infallible Logic in choosing a life partner.
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