Definition of morality and its basic concepts, principles, foundations and distinctive features

What is morality

Morality is a system of generally accepted norms of behavior aimed at improving and regulating relationships between people. The definition of the term belongs to the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero.

The main questions that morality answers are related to the understanding of good and evil. What can and should be done, and what cannot be done? Why do people respect each other and why don’t they? In other words, it is a set of unspoken rules about how to live, existing to ensure that people remain human.

This is interesting: what is the connection between activity and human qualities?

Another category of ethics, morality, is similar in content and purpose to morality, but differs from it in its greater focus on the personal, psychological attitude of each person.

From the above it is clear that morality is the subject of the study of ethics. Often these two concepts are perceived as synonyms. They differ in that the latter relates more to theory, and the former to practice.

There is a generally accepted ethics of certain eras and professions (journalism, medicine, etc.).

Examples

A morally mature person is the personification of successfully completed socialization. This is a person who has learned the norms of behavior encouraged by society and uses them in practice as a guide for his actions. Moreover, the desire to comply with generally accepted behavioral standards is dictated not by fear of reproach, punishment or possible benefit, but by personal beliefs, motives and principles. Sociologists give numerous examples of the manifestation of moral feelings:

Humanity, philanthropy.
Hard work, diligence.
Loyalty, devotion.
Sense of tact, delicacy.
Spirituality, religiosity.
Sincerity, openness.

Altruistic behavior patterns are inherent in many animals. Often females raise offspring of another species and show selfless care for their young. Helping relatives of a similar genotype contributes to the survival of competitive species, which significantly expands the understanding of natural selection of individual orientation. Such behavior is due to natural selection of group orientation; it helps the survival of the entire population.

Drawing analogies, we can say that the moral behavior of an individual is laid down in biological programs and is implemented at a subconscious level. People are biological organisms that are characterized by a certain pattern of behavior on a subconscious, reflex level. Among the reflexes inherent in nature and correlating with the concept of morality, it is worth noting:

Maternal instinct.
Caring for a partner with whom the instinct of procreation is realized.
Caring for relatives and the population (society) as a whole.
A sense of patriotism (love for the Motherland, place of birth).

Vivid examples of spontaneous morality are actions that are based on a person’s subconscious desire to follow norms that contribute to the preservation of the population as a whole. A woman breaks off a relationship with her lover upon learning that he is married, subconsciously assessing such a relationship as unpromising (in relation to procreation) and immoral (causing moral harm to the legal spouse of the partner, and therefore threatening a relative of a similar genotype and population). Special manuals provide other examples of spontaneous morality:

Providing assistance to an elderly person who is unable to cross a busy highway on his own.
Stopping a personal vehicle and assisting a person who is standing on the side of the road and gesturing for help.
An involuntary desire to help carry a heavy bag to a person who, for various reasons (old age, disability, physical weakness), is unable to cope with the task.

The presence of immoral people who violate moral standards testifies to the relative freedom of a person from the influence of biologically embedded models of normal behavior. A person is endowed with intelligence, the ability to think logically, predict, plan and independently choose moral values. Examples of the deformation of universal human norms can be traced in historical periods of totalitarian regimes, for example, Hitler in Germany, Pinochet in Chile, Stalin in the USSR.

Moral qualities are an indicator of a person’s level of intelligence and spiritual development, a reflection of the degree of his socialization and the presence of self-control. Morality is the basis of humanism, humanity and civilization. The collapse of moral ideals is accompanied by a surge in crime in society, indicates the degradation of members of society, and foreshadows large-scale humanitarian disasters.

We are glad to welcome you, dear readers of Valery Kharlamov’s blog! Morality is the basis, the rules on which a person relies in his activities and life in order to achieve success, respect and recognition. And today we will look at what moral qualities a person has, so that you understand what you need to pay attention to if you want to improve and develop.

Content:

Theories of metaethics

Celia Green identifies two types of morality:

territorial and
tribal or folk.

Territorial morality is paradoxical in that people in it are divided into “us” and “strangers” supposedly for the purpose of survival. At the same time, the fact of hospitality to “strangers” is inexplicable.

This is interesting: what is society, what is its meaning in philosophy.

Functions of morality

The main functions of morality include:

Educational - forms the right outlook on life, is able to influence a person, regardless of his age. The educational function is one of the main ones in the process of personality development.
Regulatory - dictates the basic norms of behavior in society.
Evaluative - gives an understanding of everything that happens from the position of division into good and evil. Answers the questions: What should and should not be done? What should you do in different situations? Which actions are praised and which are condemned?
Controlling - allows you to draw a conclusion about the morality of actions and control them on the part of conscience and society.
Integrating - unites everyone with common moral principles, its task is to preserve unity and peace in society, as well as the spirituality of everyone.

Moral assessment

An act is an element of moral behavior. An action can be active or passive (the absence of any action in a situation that requires an active response). The moral assessment of actions is the determination of the degree of conformity between the behavior of a particular individual and generally accepted behavioral models encouraged by society. To adequately evaluate an action, they rely on the following criteria:

The result of the action.
Ways to achieve the goal. If a person resorts to antimoral actions to achieve what he wants, even if the result is positive, the overall impression of the individual’s behavior is negative.
Motives that prompted an individual to act. If a person was motivated by noble impulses even in the event of a negative result condemned by society, the negative assessment is softened.

By adhering to chosen models of behavior, an individual finds a balance, a point of balance between his own aspirations, beliefs and standards established in society.

The structure of morality

An important niche in the structure of morality is a system of values, consisting of a set of public and individual moral views and ideals.
Values are divided into primary, having the highest level of significance, and secondary.

The highest value is a person’s life, his attitude towards his neighbors and the world as a whole. value series is built in relation to this guideline : love, peaceful coexistence, altruism, honesty, responsibility, courage, desire for self-improvement, hard work, etc.

It should be noted that this hierarchy can change in the process of personality development - for example, teenagers who do not fully understand the significance of their actions may commit a crime and harm the lives of other people just for the sake of the approval of their peers. Or, for example, a sense of responsibility - it also manifests itself with varying strength, depending on age, marital status and place in society.

This is interesting: the meaning of the term immoral, who is an immoral person?

It is important to form the correct value system in childhood, convincing with words and personal example.

Society promotes an idealized value system, that is, one in which, if followed, a person will make as few mistakes as possible in relationships with others. However, everyone has the right to choose - to follow this system or to be an adherent of another, if, of course, it does not cross the boundaries of legal norms. This decision is called a moral choice.

New in blogs

2.2. GENERAL MORAL FOUNDATIONS AND VALUES OF SOCIETY, IN A SOCIALLY ORGANIZED LEGAL STATE, FROM THE POSITION OF THE MIDDLE CLASS.

The path of Russia is the path to the creation of a state based on the state-forming Russian people, where the national subject is the civil multinational people of Russia, as a community of citizens of different ethnic, religious, social and other affiliations, aware of their civil, cultural and historical community, as well as political -legal connection with the Russian state. At the heart of the state is the unifying idea of further continuing the best cultural traditions of the indigenous peoples inhabiting our country, accepted and introduced cultural traditions of non-indigenous peoples who find themselves in our country, for one reason or another, adopted cultures from the world cultural space, promoting the unity and prosperity of our state and society.

RCPS is not against cooperating with the A Just Russia party and other parties on moral issues close to us in the field of justice, freedom and solidarity . The RCPS considers the approaches formed on these issues and adopted in this party to be close, although sometimes with amendments based on our ideology and our goals. Unfortunately, we do not share views on the construction of a new socialism; while we agree on the approaches of moral content and content, what should be the principle of building a state, the RCPS believes that this also applies to the social structure of the state, no less than to a socialist state.

I believe that before building the declared new socialism, it is necessary to build a responsible social state. Especially if private property is not denied. To build a socially structured state and build a new socialism, it is necessary to achieve a common goal, for this a stable tax base must be created from the economy, for the development of the country and social support for the low-income population through equalization and redistribution of income. Maintaining a high standard of living for the entire population, while allowing us to combine the motivation for productive and creative work of each person and organization.

[New socialism] The social structure of the state is a promising socio-economic model of the information society, a society aimed at the development and reproduction of new knowledge. It inherits all the previous experience of human civilization, including market experience, with its latest technologies, social programs, democratic rights and freedoms. In the information society, high-quality universal higher education becomes the basic condition for human development. Therefore, the [new socialism] social structure of the state is aimed at free access to knowledge as the main condition for equalizing the starting conditions of people’s lives and strengthening the sovereignty of the individual.

It was not the state that created the people, but the people created the state for the safety and improvement of the lives of the people living in it, ensuring strict observance of their modern legal rights, changing their ideas, which they can do through the united effort of a single people. Serving the state is creating conditions for comfortable, convenient, safe living for the people inhabiting the country. I do not agree with A Just Russia with their contradictory slogan below, taking into account the correct formulation of the question above in the text - if the state does not fulfill its obligations to the people, then the people absolve themselves of responsibility for the state, the RCPS believes that if they abdicate, then responsibility before the authorities in order to come to power themselves. It is not the state that fails to fulfill its obligations, but the people representing the authorities , this is fundamental!!! Otherwise, the state falls apart, as they begin to fight the entire system of the state, destroying laws and creating chaos, instead of fighting corrupt people, including in radical or revolutionary ways. It is in the case of a struggle with people, parties, clans, and not with the state, that the revolution quickly bears the fruits of change in the right direction, without destroying the country’s economy and without balancing between chaos and civil war.

The most important task of the state is not to allow one part of society to dominate and rule over another illegally and for longer than the chosen period. There is no longer a right or wrong direction of any single ideology, with the exception of the forbidden - misanthropic one, there are global, national, supranational values recognized by all peoples and which do not prevent them from developing independently in line with general trends in the world space. [European Social Democracy] A socially organized state, from the point of view of the RCPS, focuses on the implementation of democratic alternatives to the [private] based on a mixed system with the principles of a market economy.

[New socialism] The social structure of the state provides for an active state social policy that ensures the social security of the country's citizens, ensuring fair access to power, and not by the right of class superiority or not directly proportional to the principle of dominance based on nationality. Basic social guarantees include a minimum wage and a pension not lower than legally approved social standards, free state insurance medicine for all, free standard approved secondary education for all, the right to receive a minimum approved social housing, regulated and controlled by the state (at the expense of certain market social economic measures) standardized payments for utilities, free access to the cultural heritage of the people.

The market in no way contradicts [socialist] social ideals. Fair and controlled (within the law) competition is one of the most important aspects of justice. [Socialism] The social structure of the state significantly expands the opportunities for people to engage in entrepreneurship and stimulates private initiative and business activity. [New socialism] The state does not accept the unbridled dominance of the market element and, with the help of various levers, [redistributes power over the market] and creates market rules, including through redistribution - from the oligarchy to civil society and the state, eliminating blatant deformations of market relations and attempts to monopolize power through accumulated capital obtained through access to work on the market in the space of a particular state.

We are for a mixed system with the principles of a market economy and , but not a market society in all its spheres ! The spread of market relations beyond the boundaries of the economy destroys the moral atmosphere in a part of society that is not ready for them in this area, for a number of reasons. Because of this, it alienates and embitters people and slows down the development of the country. There cannot be a market between the people and the government - this is corruption. cannot be transferred to private markets without control and without guarantees . Fundamental science and breakthrough areas of high technology should remain outside the power of the market. Most of the national culture should not live according to the laws of the market . [New Socialism] The welfare state advocates a variety of forms of ownership. The unconditional ownership of the people should include part of the natural resources, together with the state part , and the cultural heritage of the country.

[New socialism] The social structure of the state is inextricably linked with democracy and patriotism towards one’s country and people, and can only develop when relying on democratic procedures that do not interfere with participation in global transformations in the world. [New socialism] The social state, in the opinion of the RCPS, can develop only with close cooperation [with left-wing parties and trade unions] and on the basis of democracy, all parties, trade unions and public organizations that are ready to comply with these principles.

Great goals unite and create great states. Justice is equal political rights and freedoms for everyone, taking into account the size of the population by nationality and the federal composition of the state, taking into account such a component, which comes to the fore in modern society, as place of residence (capital or metropolis), therefore, the distribution of numbers benefits in accordance with the labor contribution and abilities of a person, the right to a decent life. Justice is incompatible with any discrimination against individuals. The dignity of a person cannot depend on his origin, place of residence, financial situation, gender or age. We affirm: human potential is revealed not in harsh conditions of survival, but in reasonably organized economic and social relations, the basis of which is justice.

The gap between rich and poor must be reduced by reasonable government policies in the field of wages and taxes; equal access to educational resources, healthcare system; targeted social assistance to low-income groups of the population. Take into account or pursue a reasonable, directly proportional policy regarding access to all significant professions, primarily in politics and economics, culture, on a national basis, taking into account class characteristics. Gradually reduce the gap in the economic and cultural components, due to different living conditions, between the population in large cities in relation to villages.

Limited freedom within the framework of the laws of the state in the [socialist tradition] human understanding is understood as human power over circumstances, as freedom from uncontrolled and illegal exploitation and oppression of some people by others, which is achieved by the structure and goal of development of the state. Unlimited freedom without laws does not give this to a person. Freedom expands the possibilities of self-determination of a person, his right to defend his civic position. This is not only the goal of social development, but also a means of building a truly civil society. Freedom without justice is always freedom for the few. Such freedom comes down to vulgar egoism. C freedom is achieved through an accepted and agreed upon understanding of justice for the entire society, secured by the establishment of fair laws and their observance, with the help of established institutions for effective control over their observance.

We do not believe that unleashing the forces of the market is sufficient to achieve economic freedom. An integral prerequisite for individual freedom in a social state is social and personal security. To be free in a social state is to be confident in one’s social and personal security, subject to compliance with accepted and imposed, moral and material obligations to the state and society . Only where human social rights are realized, enshrined in laws, and respected by society and the state, will he have the opportunity to fully take advantage of his political rights. Human freedom is inseparable from his personal responsibility for what happens around him. Freedom that ignores the rights of other people degenerates into arbitrariness and lawlessness.

Freedom can only be realized in a state governed by the rule of law, with a well-functioning justice system applied impartially to all citizens. Only real legal guarantees can provide reliable protection of a person from violence and humiliation, dangers and insults, deception and arbitrariness of power, and guarantee freedom of personality , conscience , speech and political choice. We consider freedom and justice to be a measure of the country's development and renewal, a criterion for the well-being of social and political life.

Solidarity is the most important condition for the existence and development of modern society, the basis for the humanization of social relations. A society divided into rich and poor, torn apart by irreconcilable social contradictions, lacking solidarity and irresponsibility, without common future and realistic agreed upon goals, has no prospects. Only a solidary society can create a truly social state and provide a decent life for people. Without achieving solidarity in a multinational state, between classes, and between nations, it is impossible to talk about building a global peace on humanitarian principles on a global scale.

The idea of [socialism] of a welfare state is a unifying idea. It does not oppose, but unites people; before talking about socialism, it is necessary to build a social state. [Socialism] By building a social state , [it] is possible to achieve truly solidary society which does not cause a person to fear being on the sidelines of life. uncontrolled and unregulated market element pushes and embitters people, placing them on opposite sides of the barricades. This is [the main] one of the reasons that Russian society today is fragmented and split. People should not lose the sense of a common goal, historical community and personal patriotic involvement in the fate of our country until the set goals are achieved and secured, with a clear understanding of what the next ones will be set and they agree with them.

Solidarity, understood as responsibility, allows us to optimize the state decision-making system, strengthens regional power and local self-government. Without the solidary support of the entire society, the state will not be able to cope with such social pathologies as corruption, crime, terrorism, alcoholism and drug addiction. The implementation of the principles of solidarity and social partnership requires the formation of stable state and public institutions when building and regulating labor relations.

RCPS party welcomes Russia's ratification of the European Social Charter, which proclaims raising the standard of living and social well-being of citizens as the main task of modern states and containing the most complete list of social human rights. This document is supported by all socialist and social democratic parties in Europe. We are not against such a decision, but we will defend our changes in the form of amendments and additions to the specified points. Based on these principles, the RCPS can join the social charter.

In the context of modern trends and programs and considering Russia to be part of European civilization, where more and more importance is attached to freedom, self-respect and responsibility of the human person, and less and less need for illegal state intervention in various spheres of human relationships - be it the economy, culture or family, we do not We believe less that the state may be faced with different levels of understanding and respect for freedoms due to migrants from a different spatial understanding of individual rights. We would like to note that in Russia we need to look very carefully at some of the innovations being cultivated and promoted. For example, there is nothing against the state eventually becoming an arbiter, monitoring compliance with the “rules of the game,” and not a participant in social relations. In this regard, we note negative trends regarding the creation and improvement of modern institutions and mechanisms of control of society over the state, since we believe that we must first decide who and whose interests these institutions and organizations reflect?

For example, we are not satisfied with oligarchs in close connection with their national organized diasporas of immigrants, striving for power with the aim of privatizing foreign territory and state, with rewriting history with the subsequent expulsion or destruction of the indigenous population, under plausible pretexts invented for the occasion, for example, overpopulation of the earth ball and lack of certain resources.

The RCPS also agrees with the party that proclaimed the theses that in the 90s Russia proclaimed the creation of a rule of law state , which is reflected in its current Constitution. But this does not mean that the goal has already been achieved. In Russia, a developed civil society has not yet been formed, a system of checks and balances has not yet been established, and the rights and freedoms of citizens have not become inviolable. It is necessary to distinguish between the concept of the rule of law and the existing state legal reality. The rule of law refers to the world of ideas that transform reality. The idea of a rule of law state is a social ideal in law, which political and legal life in Russia at the present stage does not yet fully correspond to. Any ideal may not be fully achievable, just as human perfection is not achievable. But this idea itself is progressive, since it is a motivating motive to move forward, to improve the existing state and its relationship with the individual, to create a proper legal order and social progress.

On this issue, the party considers it necessary to abandon some of the stereotypes of thinking and methods of state leadership inherited from decades of the Soviet period, which were characterized by an understanding of power arising from the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat as power not bound by any laws. the main task to be solved by the party on the path to building a civil society and moving towards a rule-of-law state to overcome disrespect for the law , to instill in citizens an understanding of its social value, supported by state social legal guaranteed security. Otherwise, contradictions arise between the inaccessibility of basic goods and freedoms for some, and the unlawful appropriation of goods and freedoms by others. We must realize that we have socially agreed upon rights and within the framework of these rights we are free. At the same time, socially agreed upon rights give rise to responsibility for their observance.

Any responsibility is an obligation accepted by a person voluntarily or forcibly, in relation to society or another person. The concept of mutual responsibility presupposes a voluntary, reciprocal, naturally accepted obligation in relation to other subjects of society, to society as a whole. This is an indicator of the maturity of society.

When we learn to balance our actions with the public benefit, or at least strive for the absence of harm, then we can talk about the emergence of mutual responsibility. A society based on mutual responsibility is the only alternative to bourgeois egocentrism. We believe that every citizen of the country is personally responsible for its future. Every citizen is obliged to do everything to make this future worthy. Today we are forced to begin a difficult and long journey to revive the most important feature of the Russian people - responsibility for the fate of Russia, the roots of which go back to the history of conciliarity and , as the basis of faith, and to centuries-old culture.

The thesis about the interaction between a citizen and society for the purpose of personal and social development within the framework of the rule of law opens the way to creativity and entrepreneurship for every member of society. Wealth obtained through labor, enterprise, education, intelligence and upbringing is recognized and respected by society. Fortunes made by using the repeal of laws, by appropriating natural resources (fossil and biological), as well as by taking advantage of the lack of awareness and education of other members of society are condemned and recognized as criminal.

The thesis that the main measure of public recognition and election will be what a person has done in the name of others should change the attitude of society to the system of benefits, rewards, privileges, to democracy and to the electoral system as identifying the will of the majority.

To conclude this chapter, I would like to dwell on my vision of the possible future of the global world in terms of national languages. It is unlikely that anyone will refuse, at someone else’s request, their tongue by force. Therefore, I propose to agree on the following. Every year we have new words in scientific, technical and other dictionaries. Therefore, new words must be licensed in some way; they must be spoken in each language in the same transcription, stress, and so on. In a few tens or hundreds of years, the language of all the peoples of the Earth will have half or more words that have the same meaning for everyone. How this happened naturally, while living in one state. Television and the Internet are supranational disseminators of information, and therefore you should not wait for someone to start doing this for their personal benefit.

Bring into one dictionary the words that exist to designate any object, event, etc., which no one has, found only among some people, and make them the same words that are understood by everyone in the same meaning. In a hundred or two years, it will be possible to reduce the remaining languages to a common denominator, through so-called synonyms for the designation of one word, where the most frequently pronounced words denoting actions, objects, and so on, from the most common languages, will naturally be pronounced. At the same time, I do not at all exclude technological progress, which already now makes it possible to quite well translate texts and speech from one language to another, using technical means. And it is possible that such devices may appear in mass production at a high level and will be quite easy to use.

Moral norms

The concept of foundations implies certain views on what a person’s behavior should be in different areas of his life - how to behave in the family (mutual respect, trust, love, etc.), at work (arrive on time, honestly carry out assigned tasks, be polite with employees and superiors), with relatives, friends (to help and rescue in difficult situations, to support in every possible way), with acquaintances and strangers (to be polite, tactful and friendly). Here is an idealistic example of foundations.
In fact, not all people are close to these views and norms of behavior. Also, the system of moral principles includes concepts about actions taken in various life situations, for example: moving a grandmother across the road or giving up a seat on public transport, etc.

Foundations develop and may change slightly throughout a person’s life, but those laid down in childhood, the fundamental ones, basically remain unchanged.

In addition, they can be divided into public and individual. For example: not stealing is a social rule, but returning a lost wallet is a sign of an individual’s well-established personal, highly moral laws.

Commandments of the Old Testament and modern society

When “understanding” the question of the meaning of moral principles and ethics in human life, in the process of research you will definitely turn to the Bible to familiarize yourself with the Ten Commandments from the Old Testament. Cultivating morality in oneself invariably echoes statements from the church book:

the events taking place are marked by fate, suggesting the development of moral and moral principles in a person (everything is the will of God); do not elevate the people around you by idealizing idols; do not mention the name of the Lord in everyday situations, complaining about unfavorable circumstances; respect the relatives who gave you life; Dedicate six days to work, and the seventh day to spiritual rest; do not kill living organisms; do not commit adultery by cheating on your spouse; You shouldn’t take other people’s things and become a thief; avoid lies in order to remain honest with yourself and the people around you; Don't envy strangers about whom you only know public facts.

Some of the above commandments do not meet the social standards of the 21st century, but most of the statements have remained relevant for many centuries. Today, it is advisable to add the following statements to such axioms, reflecting the features of living in developed megacities:

don’t be lazy and be energetic to keep up with the fast pace of industrial centers; achieve personal success and improve yourself without stopping at achieved goals; When creating a family, think in advance about the feasibility of the union in order to avoid divorce; limit yourself to sexual intercourse, remembering to use protection - eliminate the risk of unwanted pregnancy, which results in abortion. do not neglect the interests of strangers, going over your head for personal gain.

The spiritual development of a person is a necessary process that helps to develop highly moral and moral qualities. The formation of personality involves going through a series of tests through temptations and temptations. Overcoming fears and controlling desires are two components to achieving your cherished goal. The main thing is to be prepared for the difficulties that arise and really want to achieve the desired result.

If you learn to exist in harmony with the outside world, observing conventional standards and adhering to state laws, then a feeling of inner peace and harmony appears. Moral principles, consistent with the behavioral characteristics and norms of society, are an effective way to change life for the better.

Similarities and differences between law and morality

Law and morality are closely related to each other: they serve to maintain order in interpersonal and general social interactions. What are legal norms are necessarily included in the system of moral principles, for example: you cannot cause bodily harm to others, steal, etc. Differences between morality and law:

Actions prohibited by the legal system are subject to administrative or criminal punishment and public condemnation established by the state, while violations of moral principles are subject to only public condemnation.
Legal norms are established by the state, and moral norms are established by society.
Law has specific, established laws, morality is transmitted orally and sometimes does not have clear formulations.

Religious morality

One of the obligatory tasks of religion is to maintain moral guidelines and cultivate in a person the desire to follow these principles.

We can say that the main function of religious morality is to explain what is “good” and what is “evil”, what is useful to man and society , and what is harmful.

The answers to these questions are given by different religions of the world with the difference that monotheistic religions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam) more clearly distinguish between the concepts of “good” and “evil” and are based on the 10 commandments of Moses. Based on these basic moral principles, all subsequent, secondary ones are formed.

Beliefs where polytheism is present (pagan or folk) can also promote some of the rules present in monotheism, but they often contain contradictions that are sometimes fatal.

Moral or ethical codes

Different religions have formulated fundamental principles of moral behavior. The following ethical codes are known:

The Ten Commandments of Moses are recognized by Christianity, Judaism and Islam, and are also basic to all world morality.
The golden rule is to treat others the way you want them to treat you.
Seven laws of the descendants of Noah - against murder, adultery, blasphemy, idolatry, theft, etc.
Yama and niyama in Hinduism are the prohibition of violence, theft, lies, promiscuity, and greed.
Eightfold Path of Buddhism

Morality has many aspects; with its help, the entire psycho-emotional sphere is regulated and streamlined, from individual decency to international relations.

In addition to ethics, the study of this subject is also carried out by the sociology of morality, which studies the nature of the formation of various value systems in individual social groups and the causes of emerging social conflicts caused by discrepancies in moral values, as well as possible ways to prevent them.

Morality is an essential condition for the existence of society. Its task is to make the life of each individual and society as a whole as good as possible by instilling in people the correct life priorities, values and foundations that turn the individual into a highly moral member of society.