Irrationality is in psychology... Definition and meaning

Pre-neurotic state. The role of attitudes

The danger of irrational perception and an unreasonable way of thinking in the development of deep and long-lasting neuroses. Negative attitudes and constant anxiety lead to a pre-neurotic state. When an individual's nervous system becomes tired of incomprehensible alarm signals, it experiences functional overload. But a person cannot do anything about his condition, since he is not aware of his negative and biased attitudes.

Rationality is more useful in this regard than irrationality. In psychology, this meaning is quite serious. Helping to make the transition to rational thinking is the main task of a psychoanalyst who works with such a patient.

The Dangers of Choice

One day, while hosting friends at home, behavioral economist Richard Thaler made an interesting observation.
While dinner was being prepared, the guests were offered cashews as a snack. Those present had three options: eat a few nuts so as not to interrupt their appetite, not eat them at all, or eat enough before dinner starts. It would seem that the choice is obvious: you should eat a few nuts or not eat at all, because there is a meal ahead. However, it turned out differently: the guests gradually surrounded the vase with cashews, the nuts were rapidly melting. When it became clear that at this rate it would not come to dinner, Thaler hurried to take the plate to the kitchen, simultaneously not resisting a couple of cashews.

Classical economics teaches that increasing choice cannot harm us, because unnecessary options can be abandoned as unnecessary. However, in reality, the possibility of choice does not seem neutral at all. The increased choice of actions has quietly shifted the priorities of Thaler's guests, although in the long run this is completely irrational. Once the plate disappeared, the guests had no choice and dinner was saved.

How not to get caught: volitional limitation of choice. For example, if you are faced with the choice of working in order to submit your work on time, watching a TV series or drowning in social networks, a volitional limitation may be turning off the Internet or being in a work environment: it is more difficult for us to laze around in front of witnesses and in rooms without a sofa and food.

What it is?

Irrational thinking is based on feelings. Such thoughts appear as if out of nowhere. It seems to a person that he has suddenly “seen the light.” He often gets help in this from the outside, in particular when it comes to religious fans. In psychology, irrationality is considered one of the most dangerous types of thinking.

Often people who have it try to improve their lives by circumventing all the norms and rules. They do not recognize generally accepted postulates and ultimately become hostages of their own illusions. They have some special characteristics, we list them.

Excessive suspicion

Thoughts that initially resemble prophetic thoughts ultimately lead a person to a dead end. The guide there is obsessive ideas like:

• I know that he thinks badly of me;
• he knows that I speak badly of him;
• they think I'm evil;
• There are enemies all around, etc.

Summarizing everything

Such thoughts place non-existent and at the same time insurmountable barriers before a person. The following signals come from the head:

• I failed the task last time, which means I will never succeed;
• this teacher “knocks down” everyone in the exams, which means I won’t be able to pass the test for him;
• This girl refuses to date everyone, which means she’ll turn me away too.

Exaggerating the "magical" abilities of others

A person begins to consider himself an “open book” that anyone can look into. He is sure that:

• they see right through him;
• everyone thinks that he is not like everyone else;
• everyone notices his excitement;
• anyone can see his shortcomings.

All these “postulates” lead to the fact that a person finds himself in a vicious circle, from which he cannot and does not want to leave.

Truth is consistent

The fact that truth is unchanging and consistent is firmly established by philosophy, untouched by modernism.

If, regarding one and the same thing, everything that contradicts one another were true, then it is clear that everything would be one... And in this case it turns out exactly like Anaxagoras: “all things are together,” and, therefore, nothing truly exists (Aristotle ).

After all, if all reality is absurd and irrational in its essence, then it is clear that this reality does not truly exist, but only seems to exist.

In I., the object of knowledge and faith disappears, losing its essence, which cannot be mixed with anything. Meanwhile, the Church teaches differently about God and the world order: He contains every thing and brings it to its own end, for the sake of which it was produced, without any transformation into anything other than what it was before by nature (St. Irenaeus of Lyons ).

In I. the cognizing personality also disappears without a trace. The personality in I. makes a “leap to nowhere,” i.e. spiritual and moral suicide.

In practice, rebellion against Truth means that the irrationalist continues to live in the everyday world as if nothing had happened with the removal of the reason of truth. The fulcrum is transferred from the transcendental Truth to everyday practical life. Irrationalistic amoralism V.V. Rozanova comes down to exactly this.

Rational thinking: what is it?

The basis of rational consciousness is real facts for reflection and logically sound arguments for making decisions. They allow you to see things in their true light, explain incomprehensible phenomena and show the shortest path to your goal.

Traditionally, a rational way of thinking is associated with the exact sciences, but in everyday life people are forced to use it to build their career, save money for a major purchase, and plan a vacation.

Rational Personalities:

• sensibly assess the surrounding reality;
• set realistic goals for themselves;
• respond adequately to criticism;
• listen to others;
• support their conclusions with specific facts;
• are distinguished by prudence and pragmatism;
• soberly assess the possibilities – their own and others’.

The determination to think rationally is a positive thing from the point of view of a person working on his shortcomings.

People of a different type, who do not know how and do not want to make plans for life, sometimes find it difficult to achieve their goals, because they:

• do not think about the consequences;
• they are late everywhere;
• They do not know how to predict the course of events.

Guided by rational thoughts, a person does not commit spontaneous and rash actions and minimizes the risk of unpleasant surprises. It is this calm view of the situation that allows a person to gather himself at a critical moment, when passions and emotions are boiling around.

Irrational and its characteristics

If we try to explain the concept of “irrational” from the position of philosophy, then it can be characterized as a certain beginning of human nature, opposite to the property of rationality, i.e. understand this world intelligently. The irrational admits that there are areas of the worldview that the mind is not able to understand, but nevertheless they are acceptable thanks to faith, feelings, and intuition. Thus, the irrational is one of the characteristics of the special nature of reality. Over the years, issues of the irrational have been studied by such famous philosophers as Bergson, Delta, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer and many others.

So to speak, “free” individuals who do not think about the consequences can allow themselves to think irrationally. To act this way is to admit that reality cannot always be understood using scientific methods. Based on the views of supporters of irrational thinking, reality with all its components and derivatives, for example, life and psychological processes, is not subject to generally accepted laws.

Of course, such a position has its place, but in the case of critical thinking it is completely unsuitable. Irrational people strive to understand the laws of existence, violating all generally accepted laws, while rational people, on the contrary, think critically, not trusting what cannot be verified, relying only on reliable and confirmed facts. And, taking this into account, we must say that even if the irrational is characteristic of you, if you want to develop the ability to think critically, you must at least temporarily discard everything that may contradict it.

What exactly is to be discarded? Let's try to clarify this point, because irrational thoughts can be of different types.

Perception in dreams

Numerous studies have helped establish the fact that sleep, as a mode of rest for the brain, is unreasonably recognized as such. It has been proven that in this state the pressure periodically changes, breathing quickens, the pulse becomes frequent and arrhythmic, and hormonal activity increases significantly. Often the parameters of a sleeping person reach the level of the same indicators in the waking state, or even exceed it. Such bursts in sleep are called the REM phase - the dreaming phase. It is also noteworthy that it is at this moment, at the moment of increased brain activity, that it is almost completely restructured and withdraws from the outside world, processing information and sorting it exclusively within the limits of internal brain activity. At these moments a person dreams. And these dreams are often prophetic, realistic, predictive.

You can have a lot of discussions on the topic that all this is not applicable in life and it does not carry any significant meaning for society due to the lack of scientific justification. But how then can we explain the fact that Mendeleev dreamed of his table of chemical elements in a dream? Isn’t it of great importance for society today because it explains and describes the relationships and interdependence of all existing chemical compounds known to man?

What do you personally think: does irrational cognition carry as much significance as well-founded rational and meaningful sensual cognition?

Source

Methods of irrational thinking

Unlike rational cognition, irrational cognition is based not on the logical techniques discussed above, but on instant comprehension of the problem. The basis of irrational thinking is:

• Intuition: is a form of direct knowledge,
• allows you to comprehend reality without the testimony of the senses.

The methods are not limited to the above forms. These also include the emotional sphere, spiritual insights, meditation practices in Eastern religions and others.

In everyday life you can often find destructive examples of irrational thinking. Suffice it to remember how many brilliant writers, artists and musicians in real life were helpless and did not have basic means of subsistence.

Irrationalism and theological modernism

In theological modernism, irrationalism is declared an essential part of Christianity. According to F.M. Dostoevsky: If someone proved to me that Christ is outside the truth, and it really were that the truth is outside Christ, then I would rather remain with Christ than with the truth. For another luminary J. S. Kierkegaard, Christianity is absurd, faith has no foundation or justification and is a “leap into nowhere.”

In I., the subject of faith and knowledge is internally unformed, disordered, absurd and contradictory in its essence. Scripture, on the contrary, teaches:

The Lord founded the earth with wisdom, established the heavens with understanding; Through His wisdom the abysses were opened, and the clouds sprinkled with dew.

Proverbs 3:19-20

Contrary to the words of the Holy Fathers, this inconsistency is attributed to God Himself. Yes, St. Gregory of Nyssa teaches: The meaning of the names attributed to the Divine nature is such that each of them, although it has a special meaning, does not contain any contradiction with the other ascribed with it.

It would be absurd to assert, teaches St. Dionysius the Areopagite - that the Beginning itself is not simple, not one, but divisible and dual, self-contradictory and changeable.

How to fight?

Recognizing irrationality on your own is quite difficult. If the case is advanced, then it is still worth contacting a specialist.

If you believe in your own strengths and are ready for introspection and changes in life, perform special exercises.

• Keep a diary and write down all the thoughts that cause you anxiety or any other negative emotions. It will soon become clear where they come from and what causes their birth. Over time, this way a “barrier” will appear in your head that will not allow irrational ideas.
• Don’t give in to panic, even if it suddenly seems like the whole world has turned against you. A colleague or close friend refused to communicate, and this became the cause of despondency. Perhaps they are just in a bad mood or tired. And everything that happens has nothing to do with your personal relationships. Always try to look at the situation from the perspective of the person nearby. Are you ready for fun when you're sad? Take the place of your counterpart. It will soon become clear that the devil is not as terrible as your consciousness painted him out to be. It’s just that my friend suddenly turned out to be out of sorts. This happens to everyone, and this is not a reason to let everyone down.
• Find a middle ground. Stop going from one extreme to another. Eliminate from your vocabulary such words as “terrible”, “impossible”, “wonderful”, “best of all”, “worst of all” and so on. Try to use less categorical assessments. Give yourself and others the right to make mistakes.
• Don't give up on yourself. Even if it seems that the situation is hopeless, never allow the thought that this will kill you and make life unbearable. Remember that there are more important things in life.

Irrational freedom does not exist

Meanwhile, the freedom that irrationalists seek simply does not exist in the realm of Truth. “Absolute freedom” is only the bare possibility of doing as you please in real life. The irrationalist, as it were, forgets in his intoxication that his actions in real life affect only his own eternal fate. But a person’s deeds do not change or cancel the Truth, which judges these deeds.

A completely natural result of the irrational reconciliation of contradictions is the justification of a compromise with real evil. If, according to N.A. Berdyaev, truth is not dogmatic, and truth should not be a system of concepts and ideas, then theoretical adogmatism - in the practical field should correspond to a disorderly reconciliation with the various evils of this world.

St. Mark of Ephesus demonstrated this convincingly when he condemned the agreement with Catholicism at the Council of Florence in 1438-1439. At the Cathedral of St. They shouted to Mark: “Find us a way out, oikonomia.” St. Mark answered: Works of faith do not allow oikonomia. It's the same as saying: cut off your head and go wherever you want.

St. Mark objected to those who are looking for something in between and an agreement:

Never, O man, what pertains to the Church is corrected through compromises: there is nothing in between Truth and lies, but just as one who is outside the light will necessarily be in darkness, so one who deviates a little from the Truth is left to be subject to lies if we speak the truth. ; and although it is possible to say that between light and darkness there is a middle - called evening and morning twilight, yet between Truth and falsehood, no matter how hard anyone tries, they will not invent something in between.

Irrationality in philosophy

Philosophers at all times have paid much attention to the knowability and/or, on the contrary, the unknowability of the world and the phenomena in it. It was they who first introduced the terms “rational” and “irrational”. This was an attempt to divide what is happening around into what can be known and understood, and into what is not worth even trying to figure out. For that is, phenomena for which there is no explanation that would be understandable to the human mind.

In addition, such a stable phrase as “irrational person” has been formed. Essentially, we are all irrational because sometimes, and quite often, we act, feel and behave inexplicably, or experience emotions for which there is also no rational explanation. In addition, it is almost never possible to find an exact reason or pattern for what a person likes or dislikes, what makes him happy or upset.

Another stable expression - “irrational reality” - refers to a slightly different facet of this complex term. In this case, “irrational” is a synonym for “unlawful.” It is believed that events occurring in the world are unpredictable, because they are inaccessible to the knowledge of the human mind, and occur chaotically, sometimes for no apparent reason.

Kinds

Like any aspect of the scientific or philosophical understanding of a particular field of study, the non-logical study of the world is divided into varieties. Types of irrational cognition are represented by several human abilities that cannot be argued from the point of view of a scientifically based theory or proven as a fact. This is something empirical, something that exists beyond mental understanding - in fact, like everything irrational.

What are these varieties?

Methods of rational thinking

These methods are based on the use of logical techniques for processing information:

• Analysis is the mental division of a whole into its constituent elements, highlighting its properties, connections and other characteristics, determining its structure.
• Synthesis is the reunification of several elements or parts into a single integral structure. With the help of synthesis, a person mentally connects parts in new combinations, which allows him to establish connections between them and draw conclusions about their interaction.
• Comparison - establishing similarities and differences between objects or objects. With the help of comparison, a person identifies various properties of objects and objects, both qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
• Generalization is the mental unification of several objects according to some of the most significant characteristics.
• Abstraction (distraction) - highlighting the basic, essential properties of objects and distracting from unimportant details.

A wide variety of processes are carried out on the basis of logical ones. They are successfully used both in academic research and experiments, and in the field of simple everyday affairs.

Irrational thinking: what is it?

A rational way of thinking discards emotions, impulses, desires, moods, impressions and all personal aspects, thereby limiting intellectual potential. In contrast, irrational thinking “thinks with the heart”, is not constrained by any specific boundaries and is fundamentally:

• feelings;
• impression;
• mystical experiences;
• state of mind.

The closest thing to an irrational image is children's thinking, which has mobility, emotionality, vivid fantasies, spontaneity and a lack of rationality.

As adults, people of an irrational nature prefer to develop frantic activity, but often their actions are chaotic, devoid of logic and consistency. In life, they are guided by their own ideas, which have little in common with the surrounding reality.

The irrational type of thoughts is inherent in creative people who need a flight of fantasy like air. It is impossible to imagine a creative genius, writer or artist operating within strict rational boundaries. Personalities of the irrational type, as a rule, have a pronounced ability to influence the thoughts and desires of other people.

Installations from childhood. List

We acquire most of our irrational attitudes in childhood. Since the child’s mind is not yet capable of critical thinking, he perceives all judgments of adults as pure truth. As an adult, every person must reconsider their views and understand which beliefs are personal and which are inspired by their parents and educators. Those attitudes that were useful in childhood and adolescence, but are harmful in adulthood, must be removed. They are also irrational. This means that every attitude that we can become aware of must be subjected to critical analysis.

Here is a list of popular beliefs that bring suffering to an individual:

• should, but could not;
• should have done better;
• they (he) owe me;
• if I fail, there will be a disaster;
• I'm a failure in life;
• nobody needs me.
• and etc.

All these mentalities have no logical basis. They are simply useless and need to be “removed” from the mind, like virus programs from a computer.

Clairaudience

The category of knowledge, which, due to its groundlessness, is considered almost absurd, still takes place in the chain of irrational phenomena. Similar to clairvoyance, clairaudience also manifests itself in images and signals, but a person with such amazing abilities does not see them, but hears them. The controversy surrounding clairaudience mostly boils down to a mental disorder in which a person begins to hear voices. Often such manifestations are identified with schizophrenia. But the theory itself of people “hearing” the inexplicable has not been completely refuted.

Causes of irrational thinking

To begin with, it is worth saying that behavioral stereotypes are often laid down in early childhood. They are necessary because not only save energy and time for making decisions, but also contribute to initial adaptation to life and society, ensuring the survival of the individual. But upon reaching adulthood, a person begins to encounter “failures”, i.e. with problems with irrational thinking. The main reasons for this are the following:

• Not all mental patterns and mechanisms formed in childhood turn out to be correct
• Not all thought patterns and mechanisms that are suitable for a child are suitable for an adult

Irrationalism is a disorder of thinking. Subsequently, this leads to problems of adaptation to the surrounding reality. In addition, destructive basic attitudes are formed in the human mind, namely:

• Excessive demands on oneself (I should do this, I shouldn’t do that)
• Excessive demands on the environment (they should do this, they shouldn’t do that)
• Catastrophization (if this happens, it’s the end, horror, death, catastrophe, everything is lost, etc.)
• Low frustration tolerance (I won’t be able to survive this, this is the end for me, etc.)

Adding up all the thoughts above, the output we get is something like: “In no case should I stumble during my speech. If I suddenly stumble, they should not make fun of me. But if this happens, it means the end for me, I won’t survive it.”

In reality, the variety of thoughts can be much wider, but if you discard all unnecessary things, you can always see the standard mechanism of irrational thinking, working each time in different situations in a modified form. By the way, such a scheme often causes all sorts of human fears.

Any problem, any phenomenon or process, when confronted with which a person experiences psychological discomfort, can be disassembled into elements in order to find the main irrational scheme that causes fear, anxiety, panic and other manifestations and disrupts interaction with the outside world.

In simple terms, someone who is unable to distinguish between fiction and truth, as well as find cause-and-effect relationships, is using irrational thinking. It will never help you predict events or calculate the results of your actions, which is why spontaneous actions and unnecessary experiences arise.

But rational and critical thinking to some extent also includes an irrational, one might say spiritual, component. For example, people of art, creating unique works, often contradict logical laws, although they act deliberately. However, the irrational should not dominate the mind of a sane person, and its manifestations can and should be fought.

Premonition

This form of irrational cognition is in close contact with intuition, since in its most literal sense its meaning is determined by the intuitive prediction of the occurrence of some event or the origin of some action. It manifests itself differently for everyone, but many don’t risk ignoring it. After all, this is a kind of signal from the body, a signal from the internal center of sensations that something is about to happen. And this something can carry both a positive and a negative message.

Premonition can also play a decisive role in meeting a new person. It often happens that when meeting a stranger, we are overcome by an inexplicable feeling of reluctance to continue the introductory conversation. How to explain this phenomenon? After all, a person for us is a completely new face, a potentially unknown and unread book. We know nothing about him, but the hostility is already present. This happens on a subconscious level, we instinctively have a presentiment that communication with him may not be successful, we want to push this subject of our fears as far away from ourselves as possible. Can this be explained logically? No. This is an irrational category of human abilities and sensations.

Cognition of reality. Concepts

Psychology considers 3 forms of rational knowledge: concept, judgment and inference. Knowing how to make rational conclusions, a person makes his life easier in many ways. People who are driven by irrationality accept the world based on intuition.

Concepts of reality can be based on logical objective judgments, but they can also be completely biased, that is, irrational. Biased mental constructs need to be worked through throughout life, otherwise they can interfere with the normal development of the individual and provoke unreasonable anxiety.

What are these beliefs?

• “I have never been confident, and never will be.”
• "I have something to prove."
• “I have to be approved, otherwise I’m worthless.”

An irrational person is one who is accustomed to thinking irrationally and accepting sensations as an objective reality and logical arguments as something frivolous.

The vague and unclear image that people are discussing is also irrationality. We will consider this definition and the meaning in the psychology of such thinking later.

Insight

This is a form of irrational cognition, which is identical to insight, but is complemented by a strong emotional outburst. That is, this is the moment when a person’s head is visited by a bright thought, and this action is accompanied by a vivid manifestation of emotion. There is a lot of controversy about this phenomenon: some psychologists claim that the phenomenon is far-fetched and, in fact, does not exist. Others prove the opposite and in every possible way defend the idea of ​​​​the real existence of this phenomenon. They argue that insight is the third step in the theory of inferential resolution of existing problems, while the first is an acquaintance with a difficult question, and the second is the connection of the thought process to the search for an answer to the question posed.

Causes

A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it. And if, having reached adulthood, you still do not understand this, most likely you have problems. A person who cannot distinguish fiction from real history, a lie from the truth, is unable to understand why this or that event occurs, is irrational.

This property appears in each of us in childhood. When we are waiting for Santa Claus or calling for a mouse to take our pain into its hole, this is nothing more than a clear manifestation of irrational thinking. But having matured, a person must realize that not all childhood beliefs are true, and, in principle, an adult should not reason like a child. If this does not happen, then first of all this leads to the problem of adaptation in life. Such a citizen cannot become a full-fledged part of society, since attitudes are triggered in his head that interfere with integration:

• I have no right to make a mistake;
• I have to save the world;
• the world must save me;
• There is complete horror around me;
• I won’t be able to cope with this and survive this.

People with this mindset are afraid of any mistake. Moreover, they are more frightened not by the fact of the mistake itself, but by the attitude of others towards their person in connection with it. They always feel like they are being laughed at and mocked.

Examples

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To clearly understand the meaning of this philosophical theory, it is necessary to consider an example of irrational cognition. More precisely, it would be more correct to say here - an example of irrational thinking.

Let us assume that there is a belief that there is always a single correct solution to any problem, and it must be found, otherwise disaster is inevitable. This belief is considered to be irrational. Why? Because there is no one ideal solution, because then the imaginary outcome of an unsuccessful search for an ideal way out of the situation would be unrealistic and could provoke anxiety or panic, which of itself leads to making the wrong decision.

In such a situation, the rational conclusion would be to search for different possible solutions to such a problem, in which several versions of the possible outcome of events would be found. From these several variations, one could choose the most suitable one. Here, too, the difference between one concept and another is clearly visible.

If we give a more mundane, non-philosophical example of the method of irrational cognition, then its meaning can be explained by the banal learning to ride a bicycle. For example, when you learn to ride a two-wheeled vehicle, you do not resort to a logical chain and do not build a lot of interconnected and interdependent conclusions. This happens as if on a subconscious level.

In other words, the irrational way of thinking, as well as cognizing the world, is associated with intuitive, so to speak, mechanical techniques for mastering the surrounding possibilities. This also includes exaggeration, overgeneralization, mind reading, and other similar non-verbal and non-logical ways of knowing.

Irrationality in psychology

“Irrational” is, as already said, something unknowable by the human mind, inaccessible to it, lying beyond its limits. In psychology, this adjective is used to describe functions of the human psyche that lie beyond the mind, such as, for example, intuition.

It is impossible to rationally, logically and understandably explain why a person feels the approach of danger, anxiety or even fear in advance, why he takes an umbrella with him in sunny weather or dresses warmly on a hot summer day, anticipating a thunderstorm that is ready to break out, about which there was not a word in the weather reports. This is why intuition is irrational. No one knows exactly how it works, where it comes from, why some people have it better than others. It is only known that, due to some of its own laws and principles, it still works properly: a person with an umbrella, at which friends walking lightly laugh at, gets caught in the rain, and warmly dressed people do not catch a cold when the weather suddenly turns bad.

Not only intuition, but also ordinary sensations (not physical, but psychological) can be considered irrational. A person cannot always explain to himself why he is happy or angry, why sometimes in the morning he feels cheerful and ready for new achievements, and on other days he collapses from fatigue and scolds everything and everyone that stands on him. That is, his feelings fall under the definition of “irrational” - this is the same as “incomprehensible”, “illogical”, “inexplicable”.

Loss of sensitivity to spending

Psychology professor Max Bazerman conducted the following experiment with many of his students. Students participate in an unusual auction in which a 20-dollar bill is sold, but with a small caveat: the person who named the highest price receives the 20 dollars, but the person who named a slightly lower price and ended up in second will also have to pay for it.

Obviously, there is no point in calling an amount greater than the cost of the bill, and the higher the rate, the more you will have to lose. But almost every time Bazerman conducted this experiment, the price exceeded $20, and once rose to $407, so that both of the last students had to pay more than $200.

Why couldn't the students stop in time? This is explained by the Kahneman-Tversky theory of prospects. Our perception of money is determined not by a simple amount, but by what we compare this amount to. The bid at the auction could only increase by a dollar each time, and compared to the growing amount, it seemed like an increasingly insignificant waste. This is how we become desensitized to losses.

Something similar happens when we buy an expensive item and are offered some kind of accessory to go with it. You probably wouldn't buy a phone case just like that, but compared to the phone itself, its price seems insignificant - why not take it.

How to avoid getting caught: the next time a seller offers additional products for an item you purchased, try to imagine that you are at home and choosing them in an online store. By the way, if you have the Internet at hand, you can immediately compare prices.

Rationality and irrationality. What are the differences?

We often say about someone - “he is irrational.” What does this concept mean? Rationality means consistency with reason, validity. From Lat. ratio is reason. Whereas irrationalis is unreasonable, based not on arguments, but on general ideas.

To understand the difference between reasonable and unreasonable, we present the signs of both principles of thinking.

Signs of rational judgment:

1. Confirmation of logical conclusions by experience.
2. Balance of emotions. Rational thoughts never cause a “storm of emotions” in the soul of an individual.
3. There is no absolutization of phenomena. A rational person knows that all events and phenomena mean exactly as much as the value we ourselves put into them.
4. Efficiency.

Now let's list the signs of the irrational.

1. The categorical judgment is “I won’t be able to live if...”.
2. Bias. No facts can prove an irrational thought.
3. Presence of violent hysterics, tears.
4. Inefficiency. Such thoughts do not help you move forward towards a positive goal.

Now it is clear how irrational individuals think. Anyone who is biased, unpredictable and cannot separate the main from the secondary because of his emotionality when solving pressing issues is irrational. What does it mean? This means that a person most likely has emotional-figurative thinking since childhood. And a profession should be chosen by such a creative person, associated with emotional states, not facts.

But sometimes the reason for such thinking is negative attitudes. Such programs serve only destructiveness and need to be corrected with the help of a psychotherapist.

Irrationalism in mass religion

In relation to religion, irrationalism is the experience of being in the absurd. The teaching of the Church is supposedly absurd. The crazier we think and the more wrong we act, the closer we are to the Church. “Christian” irrationalism reasons approximately in this way: if you think about it, then there is nothing reliable in Christianity, but if you go crazy, that is.

One of the influential representatives of New Age Osho (Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh) stated:

You will understand what is happening here only if you throw away your self, your judgments and your mind - in short, if you allow me to cut off your head.

In fact, the researchers note, Rajneesh does not want his followers to understand anything. He strives for his disciples not to understand the truth, but to gain experience of this truth. True religious life is achieved through turning off the intellect. Bhagwan's statements cannot be taken literally, because they are intended to embody the entire ineffable totality of experience.

Distortion of the Apostolic teaching

“Christian” irrationalism is a malicious distortion of the Apostolic teaching: If anyone among you thinks to be wise in this age, let him be foolish in order to be wise. For the wisdom of this world is foolishness in the sight of God, as it is written: It catches the wise in their craftiness (1 Cor. 3:18-19). Words about the temptation of the Cross: Before God is greater, man is wiser; and the weak things of God, man is stronger (1 Cor. 1:25), - St. John Chrysostom interprets it completely differently: Speaking about the violence and weakness of the cross, the Apostle does not mean that it is really like that, but it seems like that; for he speaks in reference to the opinions of his opponents. What philosophers could not do through reasoning was done by seeming madness.

I. comes to the fore in the “apophatic theology” of V.N. Lossky and others. In theological modernism, I. exists as an ideological justification for adogmatism, anti-juridism, immoralism and ecumenism. I. serves for theological modernism as a point of contact with Nietzscheanism, “philosophy of life,” existentialism and postmodernism. This is especially clearly seen in the examples of pluralists like Fr. Sergius Zheludkov or G.P. Pomerantz. On the other hand, I. brings religious modernism closer to Freudianism, occult movements such as the New Age, as well as such mass Gnostic movements as anarchism and fascism.

Irrationalism and rationalism

In modernism, new philosophy, and Gnostic movements, philosophy is presented as an alternative to the rationalism of the Enlightenment. In fact, I. is opposed not to rationalism, but to Christianity, as the teaching of truth and common sense (Acts 26:25). Rationalism is the reverse side of the same I., since both teachings deny Revelation.

According to Erich Voegelen:

The Age of Reason received this name not because it was particularly intelligent, but because the thinkers of the 18th century believed that they would find in Reason (with a capital R) a replacement for the Divine order. This whole structure was unstable, because human reason in the immanentist sense, without participation in the ratio aeterna, cannot be the source of order.

The thought of a rationalist inevitably makes a leap that cannot be called anything other than mystical, although this mysticism is this-worldly. An excellent example is Spinoza, whose “single substance” cannot be reached by any reason or proof, but can only be “jumped” mystically. Therefore, I. is inextricably linked with rationalism, as a source of existential disorder.

Typology

Even if you understand a little about how irrational thoughts are born in your head, you can immediately understand that they have no place there. Well, unless, of course, you have the same supernatural abilities as the great Bulgarian fortuneteller Vanga.

First, look among your thoughts for those that fall under the following descriptions:

• appear spontaneously;
• interfere with reasonable decisions;
• reduce labor productivity;
• reduce self-esteem;
• cause anxiety and irritability;
• disrupt harmony with the outside world;
• cause fear;
• contribute to the development of suspicion and lead to loneliness;
• create problems both in personal and professional life;
• cause dependence on bad habits;
• they single out “idols” whose calls seem to be the only true laws of life.

It is people with irrational thinking, inclined to believe in miracles, who most often find themselves at the mercy of banned sects. They themselves do not notice how, under the influence of the “charms” of their leaders, they lose loved ones, jobs, and well-being. Yesterday's successful businessman literally overnight becomes flexible material in the hands of skilled “puppeteers.” The strings they pull seem magical. Unfortunately, this is far from the case.

Irrationality in mathematics

In mathematics, expressions or equations can be irrational, but numbers are much more common. This is the name given to those that cannot be expressed using an ordinary fraction or decimal number.

The most famous and frequently used examples of irrational numbers in mathematics include:

• Pi number – 3.14159265…;
• number e – 2.7182818284...;
• root of two – 1.41421356…;
• root of three – 1.73205080….

It is known that the concept of irrational numbers originated in the seventh century BC, in India. However, at that time, the existence of numbers that cannot be expressed was perceived only as a theory that did not have clear evidence.

The existence of an irrational number was first proven around 470 BC by the ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and theorist Hippasus of Metapontus. It is not known exactly which number he proved to be irrational. There is an assumption that this was the so-called golden ratio.

Single-term irrational expressions

An irrational expression is called monomial if it is obtained from numbers and letters using the operations of multiplication and exponentiation with a rational exponent. Examples of one-term irrational expressions are:

An irrational expression

is not monomial.

Some one-term irrational expressions can be simplified. To do this you need:

a) Open all brackets using formulas

b) Combine powers with the same bases using the formula

c) Reduce fractions in terms of individual letters.

The result is an expression of the form

where A is a certain number (perhaps irrational), and are irreducible fractions.

There are no longer brackets here and each letter appears only once. We will call this type of single-term irrational expression canonical.

Example:

Bring an irrational expression to canonical form

According to formulas (1), (2), (3), this expression is equal to:

Reducing indicators and bringing the roots to a common indicator

Since from each property of powers with rational exponents follows the corresponding property of roots.

The equality (see formula (3), item 2) is rewritten as follows: for a > O we have

Thus, if the radical expression is a power of a positive number, and the exponent has a common divisor with the exponent of the root, then you can reduce these exponents by a common divisor. For example,

From equality (1) it follows that any two roots with natural exponents can be reduced to a common exponent.

Let us assume that the roots are given. Then, according to formula (1), we have (of course, as a general indicator of roots, we can choose not mn, but the least common multiple of the numbers m and n).

Note that formula (1) is valid only under the condition a > 0. In the case when a < 0, this formula is, generally speaking, incorrect. For example, consider If a > 0, then using formula (1) we obtain Let now a < 0. Then - a > 0 and Therefore, for a < 0 we have:

For example,

Finally, if a - 0, then . The obtained values ​​for can be expressed in one formula

In fact, both |a | are equal to a for (—a) for a < 0.

In general, if the common divisor n, by which the exponents of the root and radical expression are reduced, is even and any values ​​of a are considered, formula (1) should be rewritten as follows:

Example:

Calculate

Using formula (2) we get:

This means that if and if then this root is equal to

Extracting the root of a product and degree

Let us put in formula (1), item 2, We get that for x > 0, y > 0:

In the same way, from formula (2), item 2, it is concluded that for x > 0, y > 0:

The resulting properties of the roots are formulated as follows:

a) The nth root of the product of two positive numbers is equal to the product of the nth roots of the individual factors.

b) The nth root of the ratio of two positive numbers is equal to the ratio of the nth roots of these numbers

For example,

Using properties (1) and (2), you can write the product of several roots using one root sign. If the roots being multiplied have the same exponent, then to obtain the product it is necessary to multiply their radical expressions and extract the root of the same degree from the resulting product. For example,

If the roots being multiplied have different exponents, then c must first be reduced to a common exponent (see page 103). For example,

Root division is done in exactly the same way. For example,

Removing algebraic expressions from under the root and placing them under the root

From formula (1), paragraph 7, it follows that for a > 0 and b > 0:

So, if part of the radical expression for the nth root is the nth power of some positive algebraic expression, then this expression can be taken out from under the root.

It should be borne in mind that formula (1) is valid only if a > 0, b > 0. If this condition is not met, and n = 2k is an even number, then instead of formula (1) one must write:

Raising a root to a power

This operation is based on formula (6). It follows from this that this equality can be written as follows:

Thus, in order to raise a root with a positive radical expression to a certain power, it is necessary to raise the radical expression to this power. For example,

Extracting the root from the root

This operation is also based on formula (6). It follows from it that , and therefore

Thus, when extracting a root from a root, the indicators of the roots are multiplied, but the radical expression remains unchanged. For example,

Similar roots

Two roots are called similar if they can be transformed into such a form that they differ only by a rational factor (it is assumed that the variables on which the radical expression depends are positive). For example, roots

And

are similar, since for a > 0, b > 0, c > 0, x> 0 we have:

And

The second root is obtained from the first by multiplying by a rational factor.

Roots of monomials are similar if and only if in their canonical form the irrational factors are the same. Therefore, in order to verify the similarity of two roots of monomials, it is necessary to bring them to the canonical form.

Addition and subtraction of roots

Generally speaking, the sum of several roots cannot be written using just one root sign. However, if among the roots under consideration there are similar ones, they can be grouped together and the common factor taken out of brackets.

Example:

Elimination of irrationality in the denominator or in the body number of an algebraic fraction

It is often necessary to find the numerical value of an irrational expression given the values ​​of the letters included in it. In this case, it can be inconvenient to divide by irrational numbers. In such cases, they try to transform a given irrational expression so that its denominator does not contain roots.

Let's first see how this transformation is performed in the case when the denominator of the fraction is the root of a monomial. Let an irrational expression be given. If we want to free ourselves from irrationality in the denominator of this fraction, then we need to multiply both the numerator and the denominator by such a factor that the root is extracted in the denominator. It is clear that to do this, you need to multiply the radical expression in the denominator of the fraction by then it will become equal and the root will be extracted. Remembering the rule for multiplying roots, we see that the numerator and denominator must be multiplied by Then we get that

In general, if an expression of the form is given, and all exponents are less than n, then you need to multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by the same factor

Then for a > 0, b > 0, ..., c > 0 we get:

This answer remains valid for odd n for any a, b, ..., c. If n is even, then in the general case we should write in the denominator

Now consider the case when the denominator of an algebraic fraction has the form where A and B are positive rational expressions. In this case, you need to multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the expression (it is obtained from the denominator by changing the sign of ). Since (a + b) (a - b) = then for A > 0 and B > 0

Since (A - B) is a rational expression, we get rid of the irrationality in the denominator of the fraction. (In the same way, they get rid of irrationality in the denominator if it has the form ) For example,

They act similarly in the case when the denominator of the fraction has the form , where A and B are rational expressions. The destruction of irrationality in the denominator is based here on the formula

(see page 32). Namely, let us set and multiply the numerator and denominator by the same expression

(where you need to replace a with and b with Then the denominator will take the form:

that is, it will become a rational expression. The case when the denominator is equal to is analyzed in exactly the same way. Here you need to put

If the denominator has the form then we must put (and accordingly use the formula

If the denominator has the form, then the roots must first be reduced to a common exponent. For example,

The case where the denominator is the sum of three or more roots is more complicated. However, it can be shown that no matter how complex the denominator may be, it is always possible to get rid of irrationality in the denominator. General methods of such transformations are studied in higher algebra.

In some problems, on the contrary, it may be advisable to destroy the irrationality in the numerator of an algebraic fraction, that is, transform the fraction to such a form that its numerator contains only rational expressions. It should be clear to the reader that this goal is achieved in the same ways as in the examples discussed above.

Converting expressions like

Let an algebraic expression be given where A > 0, B > 0. We will now show that it can be represented in the following form as the sum of two roots:

To prove this, let us first show that the squares of the expressions in both sides of equality (1) coincide. Indeed,

On the other side,

It remains to show that both sides of equality (1) are positive. For the left side this is obvious, since we are considering only the arithmetic values ​​of the roots. For the right one this is true, since for A > 0, B > 0

Formula (1) allows us to simplify the expression in the case when the difference is a perfect square. For example, we have:

Specifics of irrational beliefs

— Most often, these are ideas not produced by the person himself, but “picked up” by him from society. Social psychologists are well aware of the effect of “contagion” of ideas. As soon as a reference is made to “everyone knows,” “goes without saying,” “repeatedly proven,” a person is in direct danger of becoming dependent on these other people’s opinions, which are not as obvious as they seem and do not stem from his personal experience.

— These ideas are not feasible. Their obvious unattainability can give rise to neurotic reactions, “obsession”, depression, wariness, etc.

— They have enormous potential for suggestion (including self-hypnosis). You become “infected” with them involuntarily and unnoticeably.

— Most often, with mature reflection and analysis, they turn out to be vulnerable and can be corrected, including with the help of a psychologist.