Why does a person need speech? SPEECH HELPS Communicate Share thoughts and feelings Agree on something Coordinate your actions. Praise, cheer, presentation

Incredible facts

For good relationships between people, it is extremely important to pay attention to your speech,

because it is the voicing of our thoughts and vibrations.

What is our speech like today? We pay almost no attention to the tone of the conversation and what words we use in speech. Expressing ourselves in dirty and abusive words, we forget what sublime speech is. By talking like this, we not only demonstrate the degradation of consciousness and our ignorance.

When we say rude words, the happiness and peace of the person who is inside does not increase at all, but on the contrary, they decline with great speed. In this way we release negative energy, and then we ourselves wonder why we have headaches so often.

Why do people need speech?

In our world, it is difficult to imagine communication without speech, both written (writing and reading) and oral (speaking, listening and pronunciation). Without its development it would be impossible to achieve the current level of development of culture and science. Accordingly, speech is vital for conveying your thoughts and desires to other people. By understanding each other, a person can significantly rise to the level of development in all areas: science and education, medicine and geography, knowledge and study of the surrounding world, and much more. It is difficult for a person to convey his understanding and skill without speaking. Thus, speech is the main way of expressing thoughts and the main mechanism of human thinking. Therefore, it is very important to try to improve your speech by filling your vocabulary with new literate expressions.

Why study rhetoric?

Oratory will help in:

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• error-free construction of oral utterances;
• creating a rich vocabulary and competent speech;
• the use of literary techniques;
• maintaining an even voice;
• beautiful expression using emotional notes;
• deleting parasitic words and tautologies from speech;
• clear and understandable pronunciation of words.

Children will not be able to surprise with catchphrases or speak with controlled intonation. If you do this from childhood, the child will develop oratorical abilities and by the school years he will become an interesting interlocutor.

With the help of correctly delivered diction, it is easier to communicate with peers and convey the right thought to a person.

Example of a rhetorical appeal:

«Here it is, stupid happiness with white windows to the garden.»

From which it follows that all of the above rhetorical figures are ordinary syntactic constructions

, which are capable of conveying the pathetic nature of the narrative and its certain elation.

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Such phrases, which are disguised as questioning sentences, came to us from ancient times.

, inherited from the ancient orators.

The masters of eloquence of those times brought their speeches to complete perfection. In their speech, they successfully used various verbal expressions and constructions, which were capable of giving it some special expressiveness and emotionality. And their list also included rhetorical questions.

Reasons for violations

Having figured out what kind of speech happens when the articulatory apparatus is not working properly, it is worth paying attention to the reasons that could influence the problems that have arisen. And the sources of violations are very diverse.

One of the reasons that causes a malfunction of the speech organs is various types of injuries that the child could receive during childbirth or in the first years of life. This reason can be classified as the most severe. No less serious is the one that relates to hereditary predisposition.

In addition, speech disorders can occur due to insufficient development of phonemic hearing, which leads to the child’s inability to fully perceive spoken phrases. A child’s stay in a certain speech environment also significantly affects the level of language development.

His parents and close environment can have a great influence on the development of a child’s ability to speak, listen, read or write. For example, replacing live communication with watching TV will certainly lead to a delay. If adults do not pay attention to visible defects, believing that the problem will go away on its own, this can cause a significant delay in speech development.

Basic principles of oratory

Alexander Epstein says that the art of strong speeches consists of three main areas: clear, reasonable and free speech.

Clear speech is about technique : breathing, voice, diction, articulation. There are a lot of exercises and training in this direction on the Internet. Various tongue twisters, vocal and speech therapy techniques. You can, for example, work on your diction by using a wine cork. Everything is simple with this direction - it can be easily trained.

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Reasonable speech is about logic and structure. You need to learn to build a composition, your thoughts and write a speech that you yourself will be interested in delivering. A good text should have a plot, intrigue, climax and message. It's a little more complicated than technique. The logic of speech is the basis of dramaturgy.

Any speaker or person who enters public space becomes, in a sense, an actor giving a one-man show. And this one-man show has its own “ingredients”. A playwright writes plays for the theater, but it would be nice for a speaker to help himself with a good play. To do this, you need to know how to organize your thoughts into a composition. How to develop the habit of thinking structuredly and speaking structuredly.

Free speech is about psychotechnics and the basics of acting. Beginners, in addition to speaking techniques, should study what techniques actors use. Let's say, read Stanislavsky's system. Understand what it is to believe in the proposed circumstances with the inclusion of temperament and the concept of speech action. That an actor must act on stage, and not just pronounce text. And that with the same text you can perform different speech actions. You can humiliate the audience or elevate them by saying the same material.

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Black rhetoric

Black rhetoric - what is it? This is a demagogic technique that allows you to instill in your opponents a point of view that is unusual for them.

Language means have a magical power, which implies the ability to provide the necessary arguments, conduct a discussion, put emphasis, advocate and argue.

The speaker must prove that he is right. Black rhetoric has techniques that are contained in the rules.

1. Expressing an idea that is important. There is no need to repeat the same phrases. They cause irritation, doubt and suspicion in the listener. Try to convey information using literary devices.
2. Ask the right questions. The rule of communication is that whoever asks the most questions is in charge of the conversation. In black rhetoric, such a technique will be a losing one. If you want to ask a question, you need to think about it. The answer will depend on how the question is posed.
3. Right answers. Let us note this point: the truth must always be told, but it is not necessary to always tell the truth.
   This suggests that you need to answer the right questions appropriately. If you are uncomfortable answering, then carefully avoid answering.
4. Keep the initiative. If you lose the initiative during a conversation, you will lose your reputation with the listener. There is no need to rely on the politeness of the listener; stop rudeness and rudeness.
5. A prolonged pause and silence. During this period, you have the opportunity to remember your arguments, but your opponent may have doubts.

Proper use of rhetorical questions

1. The most important thing is to formulate the question correctly.

It should be simple, without adding confusing terms.

2. It is necessary to completely eliminate any ambiguity from speech

and any misunderstanding. First of all, there should always be clarity, structure and complete clarity of what is happening.

3.

These questions, in a categorical sense, require a completely clear pronunciation

, which is desirable to be accompanied by certain gestures and facial expressions.

4.

You should always think in advance what effect should occur.

from one or another rhetorical question.

5.

It is best if this effect is applied at the very beginning of the performance.

, then it will be possible to attract attention and awaken the audience.

6.

If you want to make some kind of well-remembered conclusion, then try to ask your rhetorical question directly at the end of the speech

. In this case, it will be a very effective finishing point.

Types of eloquence

There are five main types of eloquence:

• Socio-political type - diplomatic, socio-political, political-economic, parliamentary, rally and agitation speeches.
• Academic view - scientific lectures, communications, abstracts, seminars and reports.
• Judicial view - speeches of the actors in trials: lawyers, prosecutors, judges.
• Theological eloquence or spiritual appearance - parting words, sermons, solemn speeches of a church orientation.
• Social and everyday types of eloquence - table, anniversary, holiday or memorial speeches.

Functions and purpose of speech

Researchers who study the role of speech in society distinguish two functions - intellectual and communicative. Communicative speech is communication between people to exchange information or encourage action. You need to give the right meaning to the message so that the listener has the right emotions. Intellectual speech is a means for expressing and forming thoughts using words. A word is a unit of thinking that has a certain meaning.

The transmission of thoughts is the main purpose of verbal meanings, it occurs with the help of tone, facial expressions, selection of words, expressions, intonation and imagery.

Naturally, thoughtful speech goes through several stages of structuring. So, how does human speech work, how does it form:

• inner speech (a person thinks about how to convey a certain thought);
• choice of phrases, formation of beliefs;
• selection of individual words, composing sentences;
• reproduction of generated text using sound signals.

Historians believe that speech appeared about 2 million years ago, when people developed a speech apparatus. Now there are many branches of science that study speech. For example, psycholinguistics, which studies the relationship between conversation and consciousness and language.

The term “speech” was introduced into our vocabulary by psychologist J.R. Cantor. And when his student, the American G. Pronko, used the term in his article “Language and Psycholinguistics,” it became very popular. Also, a huge contribution was made by N. Chomsky, who described the work of language in the formation of phrases and sentences.

Russian psychologist L. S. Vygotsky studied the sequence of decisions before voicing a word:

• motivation;
• the appearance of thought;
• constructing phrases;
• choice of words;
• implementation.

What does science study?

The subject of rhetoric, as a science, includes methods of forming useful oral and written speech, as well as the process by which thoughts are transformed into speech.

In order to determine the tasks of rhetoric, it is necessary to know about its main directions. There are two of them:

1. Logical, in which the main aspects are the ability to convince the listener and effectively present information.
2. Literary, in which the most important elements are the richness and attractiveness of words.

Taking into account the fact that in this science these directions are combined, real rhetoric sets itself the task of making speech correct, convincing and expedient. Having defined what rhetoric is and why it is needed, there is no doubt about its necessity in the life of a person, especially those engaged in public activities.

Examples of speech exercises

1. Remember the title of a movie you recently watched or a book you read. State the content in four sentences that can be written down or retained in memory. Think about which of these sentences is not so important, eliminate it. Do the same with the rest of the offers, leaving only one. Say it a few times, edit it if you think it doesn't sound right. This exercise, performed regularly, will teach you to express your thoughts concisely.
2. Many people love tongue twisters - they are fun and useful. But not everyone knows what slow talkers are. The exercise helps get rid of confused, slurred speech. The task is to pronounce the phrase slowly, clearly, with pauses. But unjustified stops and prolongation of sounds should be excluded. Try to enjoy the sound of the speech. You can choose phrases for the exercise yourself or use the recommended ones.

Preview:

“If a person cannot competently and correctly express his thoughts, it means that he thinks in the same senseless, chaotic way.” A. S. Yakovlev. The importance of speech in human life A person’s ability to speak is one of his striking features. The richer and more correct his speech, the easier it is for him to express his thoughts, the wider his opportunities in obtaining information, in operating with it, the more complete his relationships with the outside world will be. This explains the great attention paid to the problem of speech in general, special psychology and pedagogy. As a second function, speech acts as a means of thinking. Speech is the necessary basis of human thinking, its instrument. Mental operations (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization) develop and improve as the child masters speech. The word, thus, as a psychological unit of speech, on the one hand, serves not only as a means of communication, but also of generalization. By generalizing objects, it is an instrument of abstraction. On the other hand, a necessary condition for the development of a child’s speech is the accumulation of ideas, concepts, knowledge about the world around him, which become the content for statements, judgments, and conclusions. The communicative and generalizing functions of speech are formed in close unity: with the help of speech, the child not only receives new information, but also assimilates it. At the same time, speech is also a means of regulating human mental activity. It organizes the processes of memory and perception, facilitates the recognition and discrimination of objects. It also plays a major role in the formation and course of volitional processes, as well as emotional experiences. When the regulatory function of speech is underdeveloped, the child’s actions are characterized by impulsiveness, the adult’s instructions do little to organize his activities, the child finds it difficult to consistently perform certain intellectual operations, does not notice his “mistakes,” is easily distracted, and cannot inhibit side associations. But besides all this, speech is a means of learning. Without speech, the learning process itself becomes impossible, since its content ultimately comes down to the child’s formation of clear and meaningful concepts about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, and they are always expressed in words. Speech is a complex, specifically organized form of conscious human activity. But, as a rule, a normally developing child masters speech without special training, in the process of live communication with the people around him. By the end of the preschool period, he usually completely masters the phonetics of his native language; their active vocabulary sometimes reaches up to 5 thousand words; Practical mastery of oral grammar has also been largely completed. The child comes to school, according to V.G. Petrova, with developed everyday speech, easily communicates with others, freely takes part in conversations on topics accessible to him, can talk about the events that he had to experience, easily carries out simple assignments and etc. Thus, we can consider that the oral speech of a normally developing child coming to school is basically formed, although it has its own peculiar features that distinguish it from the speech of an adult. The situation is completely different when there are certain disorders of the child’s speech development. Any speech disorder affects a person’s activities and behavior. L.G. Paramonova points out that the most important role of speech in the learning process and in the development of the human personality becomes especially clear when cases of severe speech pathology occur. It is here that the connection between the development of speech in a child and the development of his thinking is most clearly manifested. And this connection is so great that children with pronounced delays in speech development are often classified as mentally retarded, although their intelligence is primarily preserved. It must be remembered that speech deficiencies have a negative impact on many aspects of the child’s personality. He may experience speech reticence, indecisiveness, and excessive shyness. Lack of confidence in one's own strengths and knowledge is especially evident. This reduces interest in the environment and suppresses curiosity. Many speech anomalies, if not corrected in a timely manner, can cause a child to fail at school. That is why the correction of speech disorders in the preschool period can be considered a particularly significant problem in special pedagogy. As practice shows, in preschool age speech disorders are more easily and quickly overcome, and this in turn creates conditions for the full speech and mental development of a growing person. In this regard, it becomes clear what a huge role special kindergartens for children with speech disorders are called upon to play. Literature: R. S. Nemov “Psychology”. “Humanitarian Publishing Center VLADOS”, 2004 T.B. Filicheva, G.V. Chirkina “Correctional education and upbringing of 5-year-old children with general speech underdevelopment.” M. 1991. L.G. Paramonova “Speak and write correctly.” "Delta". 1996 V.G. Petrova “Speech development in auxiliary school students.” M. 1977.